ey ne “} Hu
"ooh a sited vie jar ‘a faa aude or ih
wend seh Ae BA Whe
“ mitst i
eae ay RE
See re ie wa ft yen
vB AY iF aH “4, fs iy A
rete
Paya wine felt, Ben ay
. ea rad POUR A et : Wea yee Cee FA EN atete era Dewy
At “
Hh ee 6b ake Pier Peart ss
oe sav a BHAT wie RWeit 4 we aie
® Neva? Ura) raat ' fai 1 is Raa He
4 Wa Hf SA tac arsals At Wy te iy ae at
Mt 00)
W ak fay
winds aN c it
ye wie ie ria
ice ee a An ars tea es ed;
Hse
ath a
Shoah teed BV yy
Naren oN yiiie Waly a at
iP aawe
PA Rare k Fours iCute ves “i gee eG TANK! Hot ea nice Sit : i NRO RR A { , tl ihululutia ash wht HH ne ashe tieihs the coh eae agen Were e WF he ese A a Pew Age 8 a 4 a tase wet 2 Lae AO 4 Coy eee te tata mat
4 Vee it A i Re
J
Sa on na o ge
apis Abe
Bopp Wee Ba te pes ee es
Wo,
Ae Ye
Pee Cee at cae
Ltrs eo
ae
eh Ms
mines ses Matha
on ‘oii ea AERA af Mart siee iN sl Wnt spat
ae ete
a HW ey ee ee 4
ahaha bisiod ¢
1 ge,
bettie i i Ass wise. 4
AY a A es
heb a Lt wate wate BA]
‘ave » Wife
ron ay uf \ ae sree Wath Bu
we ah eine 4
siti Iafrate
wa In Dik as Veena oth
eaaianote Aunt f
th ish a Ht si
RAN WAR
tt Naik ea
A
hake ae
. :
i ce oo oe sth or ;
Piynt fey yt
ies vast
Mesto stee | TR ie oh
Oey
% i
ahha +i
in
Ci x
ce He bene Hs
ys
i fii i ia td eh - a i no
A ¥ pane ay Oty
ae Rent 4% ARs nv RLee ea Nany
A ors gui tee is oR, Ge seis dad
eal in ie
eee beans
aR hy Rey
ie
\ Ste ito ; acannon Pants
5 ie Ue EU elle Sa sane} my Was Haste FANE 2 in ba vas
; Ginny ESS
de l\cigs Pepnonet lia) ¥ oho Hs ea | vs
ah
Ute ne easy Fixes Mi teed
ri
ion eat, Hanan an bs it UGK aaa edit
Ts g
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
O20 NDE,
1907, pp. 1-446.
(JANUARY—APRIL.)
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY — 20457438 AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE,
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND €GQ,, PATERNOSTER ROW.
Aces Sill
OF THE
COUNCIL AND OFF I@RREs:
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON.
WOOK
COUNCIL.
His Grace THe Duke oF BeprorD, K.G., President.
Grorce A. BouLencer, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President.
JOHN Rose Braprorp, Esq., WILDS; IDESCh, IeHSh. oes President.
F. Dawrrey Drewirr, Esq., |
M.A., M.D.
CHARLES Drummond, Treasurer.
Str Epwarp Duranp, Br., C.B.
F. Du Cane Gopman, Ksq., D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-Presi- dent.
JOSEPH JACKSON ListER, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.
Sir EpmunpD Gites Lover, Br., Vice-President.
Pror. Epwarp ALFRED M1v- cuin, M.A.
Ksq.,
|
P. CHatmers MitcHey, Esq., MA. (DIS coins SHS Secretary.
W. R. Oaitvir-Grant, Esa.
ALBERT Pam, Esq.
E. Lort Puiwuirs, Esq.
Sir Parrick Puiayratr, C.1.E.
THE Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, D.Sc., M.P.
Howarp Saunpers, Hsq., Vice- President.
Davin Seru-Smiru, Hsq.
OLDFIELD THomas, KEsq.,
A. Trevor-Battys, Esq., M.A.
Henry Woopwarp, Ksq., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President.
PRINCIPAL OFFICERS. P. CHatmers Mircnrett, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.BS.,
Secretary.
Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S8., Prosector. R. I. Pocock, F.L.8., Superintendent of the Gardens.
CHARLES Pathologist.
F. H. Waternouss, Librarian.
JoHN Barrow, Accountant. W. H. Cots, Chief Clerk.
GABRIEL SELIGMANN, M.R.CS.,
RAC as
GrorcGe ArtHur Dovusiepay, Clerk of Publications. ARTHUR THOMSON, Assistant Superintendent of the Gardens.
LIST OF CONTENTS.
1907, pp. 1-446.
January 15, 1907.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of November and De- Gemlboer WO OG spas acer eyeysclck a cacleee re rar ege ce pice eens ame sms
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Description of a new Monkey from the Ituri Forest. (Plate I.) ...............
1. On a Collection of Mammals made by Dr. Vassal in Annam. By J. Lewis Bonnore, M.A., F.LS., F.Z8. (Bibi ire Ul) pears ARs SMR UB Oe ane ae aes enP One Aloe Sa Or Pose 03
2. On the “ Bleating” or ‘“ Drumming” of the ee (Gallinago celestis). By P. H. Baur, B.A., F.ZS. .
3. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Systematic Arrangement and Anatomy of certain Genera and Species of Squamata. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., BUR: Se eerosecsorsortive: SoOcietige.s-6. dae ace eteen eee
4, A List of Moths of the Family Pyralide collected by A. E. Pratt in British New Guinea in 1902-3, with Descriptions of new Species. By Grorce H. Kenrick,
F.Z.S. (Plates IIT. & TRV SaaS ten tine Senin ten ce b ies oa ob a 2
Page
12
30
68
1V
5. On some new and insufficiently known Species of Mar- moset Monkeys from the Amazonian Region. By Prof. Dr. Emit A. Gorupt, C.M.Z.S., Director of the Para Museum
SO oe mee reese meee eee sees eseeeees es esaeeeesseseeresssersvsesee
February 5, 1907.
Mr. F. Martin Duncan. | Cinematograph exhibition of Animals in the Society's Gardens and other Zoological SIU OU I STCUS arlene ere tie) CRD CPP Ee AREA nA ShE let ac .509
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a collec- tion of Mammals and Birds from the Islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido
Cem ee mew twee mes wesc eee neers ease eee se ese ese es teserene
Dr. W. T. Calman, F.Z.8. Notice of a paper on New or Rare Crustacea of the Order Cumacea from the Collection of the Copenhagen Museum
1; The Origin of the Lateral Horns of the Giraffe in Fetal Life on the Area of the Parietal Bones. By E. Ray Lanxester, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Director of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum
2. Parallel Hair-fringes and Colour-striping on the Face of Fetal and Adult Giraffes. By E. Ray Lanxsster, MA’, DSc., UE.D., EF.R.S:, F:Z.8., Director of the British Museum (Natural History). (Plate V.)
3. On the Existence of Rudimentary Antlers in the Okapi. By E. Ray Lanxester, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Director of the British Museum (Natural History). ((Bbites VAI GG BY Wi th PP Ok He kine ah a aA
4. Description of Hyla resinifictrix Goeldi, a new Amazonian Tree-Frog peculiar for its Breeding-habits. By Prof. Dr. Emmi A. Gortp1, C.M.Z.8., Director of the Para Museum
5. The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern ~, Asia,—IIT. On Mammals obtained by Mr. M. P. Anderson in the Philippine Islands. By Otprieip MroMAS, HORS. EeZis.
Page
100
100
100
100
115
135
February 19, 1907. |
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1907
Dr. C. I. Forsyth Major, F.Z.8. Exhibition of remains of a Bear trounan Cay ernie Consicay nese crre eee enn 1. On English Domestic Cats. By R. I. Pocock, F.LS., F.Z.8., Superintendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens. (Plates VITI.—X.)
eee et eee ree eee estes eee ses eseseee
2. Report on Deaths occurring in the Society’s Menagerie during 1906. By C. G. Srniemann, M.D., F.ZS., Pathologist to the Society
Pepe meee eee e enero reese reese sereeseese
3. On a peculiarly Abnormal Specimen of Turbot. By J. T. CunnincHam, M.A., F.Z.S8. (Plate XI.)
eee eee reece se esece
4. On the Azygos Veins in the Mammalia. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S., Prosector to the Society
5. Ideas on the Origin of Flight. By Dr. Baron Francis Nopcsa
March 5, 1907.
The Hon. Walter Rothschild, M.P., F.Z.8. Exhibition of a mountedyspecmmenior a) Govillaigetacac-acesa-i crise cee se
1. Descriptions of a new Species and two new Subspecies of Antelopes and a new Sheep. By the Hon. Water RopHscHiED Mims (Phas sHI ZR Stee ge oiiy. ds ceeaeaectias setae
2. On Elephant Remains from Crete, with Description of Hlephas creticus, sp. n. By Dorornna M. A. Bare. (Plates XII. & XIII.)
eee eee etme etree reser eons ee ess sess ees assoee
3. Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition,
Page
143
168 174
181,
237
237
238
conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904—1905.— »
Report on the Polyzoa. By Cuarztes F. Rovusseer, FRLMS. (Plates @kViGiXVs)08 te. Ae aelee tenes
V1
4. Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition, conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904-1905.— Report on the Brachyurous Crustacea. By Wrixiam A. Cunnineton, B.A., Ph.D., F.Z.S. (Plates XVI. & XVIT.)
Ome mee w et eee eet eee reer reese een e te essere een eee ener ete seesu eee
5. On Two new Species of the African Genus Microchetus belonging to the Collection of Oligocheta in the Museum of Christiania. By Frank EH. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society
March 19, 1907.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1907 ......... Mr. Herbert F. Standing. Notice of a Memoir on recently discovered Subfossil Prosimiz from Madagascar
eee ee eeee
1. Descriptions of some New Species of Animal Parasites. By L. W. Sampon, M.D., F.Z.8.
2. Descriptions of five New Species of Hemogregarines from Snakes. By L. W. Sampon, M.D., F.Z.S., and C. G. Seviemann, M.D., F.Z.8.
ii ii i i ii i i iii i aii ai ee ay
3. The Rudd Exploration of South Africa—VII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Coguno, Inhambane. By Ouprietp Tuomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and R. C. Wrovuenton, F.Z.S.
April 9, 1907.
Mr. R. I. Pocock. Exhibition of a photograph and the skull of a specimen! of Pallas’s Cat that had recently died in the Menagerie, with general remarks on the species
1. On a small Collection of Fishes made in the Eastern Watershed of the Transvaal by Capt. G. E. Bruce. By G. A. Bounencrr, F.R.S., F.Z.S. (Plates XVIII. & XIX.)
2. On the Winter Habits of the Greater Horseshoe, Rhino- lophus ferrum-equinwm (Schreber), and other Cave- haunting Bats. By T. A. Cowarp, F,Z.8. ...............
Page
258
277
281
28}
283
285
-. 2M)
307
vil Page 3. Notes upon the Anatomy of aSpecies of Frog of the Genus Megalophrys, with references to other Genera of Batrachia. By Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.RS., Erosector toute; Society mn-reneeceeeeceai-sndassocse ae 324
4. Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part IX. Tyranni; Hirundines; Muscicape, Lani, and G'ymno- nhines., ByaNVis Be Py Crani kh Anse eAelunS OCC mesa -ee ae 352
April 23, 1907.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1907 ............ 319
Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a malformed antler of the Red Deer ....................000000% 380
Mr. R. I. Pocock. Exhibition of a model of the African J Dlg lave at Go 0 Xs dee RP ARE irri, ocs ooceb accsucdscmoretoe’ 380
Mr. C. J. With. Notice of a Memoir entitled “* An Account of the South-American Cheliferine in the Collections of the British and Copenhagen Museums” .................. 380
1. The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant. BR Sb yD ORE ie said nis ain ie Sager n ete acne stele aeieotenbercine mses 380
2. The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia.—IV. List of small Mammals from the Islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido. By OuprreLtp Tuomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. (With Appendix on the Cold-blooded Verte- brates, by G. A. Bounencer, F.R.S., F.Z.8.)............... 404
3. On some new Species of Earthworms of the Family Kudrilide, belonging to the Genera Polytoreutus, Neu- mannielia, and Hminoscolex, from Mt. Ruwenzori. By RANKS Hee BEDDARDs UV AY. THES user io: asee sda seeene aces A415
4. Some Notes on Hybrid Bears. By Henry SCHERREN, BWA cgrtae reno s acide ices notte Na tlea har vst sls Vaccines snaee eee 431
hs che
INIGIB BONING Lid
OF THE
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
1907, pp. 1-446. pp
Page Baur, Purip Hernricn, B.A., F.Z.8. On the “Bleating” or “ Drumming” of the Snipe (Gallinage cochestis) .....0......ccsceuecee neces nen ene eenneceentees 12 Bare, Miss Dororuea M. A. On Elephant Remains from Crete, with Description of Elephas creticus, sp. n. (Plates XII. & XIII.) ...........: 238 Bepparp, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Systematic Arrangement and Anatomy of certain Genera and Species Fok. Sofuaniarbaly eerste siesta os Leet vealed 30 On the Azygos Veins in the Mammalia ............-..++- 181
On Two new Species of the African Genus Microchetus belonging to the Collection of Oligochzta in the Museum Of Christiania. «acaeaesedsdesapoedsanseee Sasdacetemeesesen gene ee ee. SET
x Bepparp, Frank E. (Continued.)
Notes upon the Anatomy of a Species of Frog of the Genus Megalophrys, with references to other Genera of IBEW A GX 0) 00 nar neat RMR ear MOE ator ons sAhdsea sec odoox
On some new Species of Earthworms of the Family Hudrilide, belonging to the Genera Polytoreutus, New- manniella, and Hminoscolex, from Mt. Ruwenzori
Bonuote, J. Lewis, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.8.
On a Collection of Mammals made by Dr. Vassal in Aeninrermmy (@Plaibe ET, \? oo Seca) een: Seren eee Ut). 9
Bou.encer, Grorce AuBert, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
On a small Collection of Fishes made in the Eastern Watershed of the Transvaal by Capt. G. E. Bruce. (Plates XVIII. & XIX.)
Bee www eee eet were re eee e er esse se en sesene
On the Cold-blooded Vertebrates of the Islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido. See THomas, OLDFIELD.
Catman, WittiAm Tuomas, D.Sc., F.Z.S., of the British Museum (Natural History).
Notice of a paper on New or Rare Crustacea of the Order Cumacea from the Collection of the Copenhagen Museum: e222 eek) Re RY a ey I
CowarpD, THomas ALFRED, F.Z.S.
On the Winter Habits of the Greater Horseshoe, Lhinolophus ferrum-equinum (Schreber), and other Cave- hauintns Bats) 4h sees ckicclsncus dst aT ee ee
CUNNINGHAM, JosepH THomas, M.A., F.Z.S.
On a peculiarly Abnormal Specimen of Turbot. (Plate XCM), 3:3... 385 das fede eae = gee ee
Page
415
307
100
312
x) CuUNNINGTON, WiLLIAM ALFRED, B.A., Ph.D., F.Z.S.
Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedi- tion, conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904-1905. —Report on the Brachyurous Crustacea. (Plates XVI. gC 2 I) es ie Re coro cn tL A oe ee
Duncan, F. Martin.
Cinematograph exhibition of Animals in the Society’s Gardens and other Zoological Subjects
GoEtp1, Prof. Dr. Emi A., C.M.ZS.
On some new and insufficiently known Species of Mar- moset Monkeys from the Amazonian Region
Description of Hyla resinifictria Goeldi, a new Ama- zonian 'Tree-Frog peculiar for its Breeding-habits
Kenrick, Grorce Hamiuron, F.Z.S.
A List of Moths of the Family Pyralide collected by A. EK. Pratt in British New Guinea in 1902-3, with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates III. & IV.).........
Lankssrer, Sir Epwin Ray, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Director of the British Museum (Natural History).
The Origin of the Lateral Horns of the Giraffe in Foetal Life on the Area of the Parietal Bones ............
Parallel Hair-fringes and Colour-striping on the Face of Fetal and Adult Giraffes. (Plate V.) ...............08.
On the Existence of Rudimentary Antlers in the Okapi. (WHEE a iaiwin WAUL5) gaoesbuccedesbeccooocba64 oogucosboaedddiconde
Page
258
100
88
135
68
100
xil Lyprexxer, Ricuarp, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant
Magor, Dr. C. I. Forsyru, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of remains of a Bear from a Cavern in Corsica
Si) =heiesele.2)\2/.eie)s) aces ie ie)alaralei=)\sieleleleiele/e)\ele\s!a 0/6 o/slelle/«ielelalelsisisselalalelereienerehciniatctate
MircHEtt, Peter CHALMERS, M.A., DSe., LD. F.R:S., Secretary to the Society.
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of November and December, 1906
eeceee
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1907
Cece er cece reese esse secs eces
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1907
Cece rsescesesvecesscssvesece
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1907
Seer cee errors so recess esses cene
Norcsa, Dr. Baron Francis.
Ideas on the Origin of Flight
Set eee ee sere secsccccre esse nsec
Pocock, Reervaup Iynzs, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Superintendent. of the Gardens.
On English Domestic Cats. (Plates VIII.-X.).........
Exhibition of a photograph and the skull of a specimen of Pallas’s Cat that had recently died in the Menagerie, with general remarks on the species
ers eeeeercccoereesaovess
Exhibition of a model of the African Elephant “« Jumbo ”
see ee oes e ses cescceresesesessovrersseesoceresocssceeesse essences
Page
380
143
281
379
223
143
299
Xi
Page Pycrarr, WitLIAM Puaneg, F.Z.8., A.L.S8., of the British Museum (Natural History).
Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part IX. Tyrannt; Hirundines; Muscicape, Lanti, and Gymno- WIUATUCS:: sks. SMa SEN ets VN SOE RT Re TN REDE Ret Sk AR APL 352
Roruscuitp, The Hon. L. Watrer, M.P., D.Sc., Ph.D., E.Z8.
Exhibition of a mounted specimen of a Gorilla ...... 237
Descriptions of a new Species and two new Subspecies Ot AMIE DES cinl Er SINEEO ooncoossdesosceonnuosoacss0e 6 Sead
RovussELET, CHARLES F., F.R.M.S.
Zoological Results of the Third Tanganyika Expedition, conducted by Dr. W. A. Cunnington, 1904—1905,— Report Gin Woe) IHolbywor,. (Ede NsGiss SUING ay DW ons easodoereenace: 250
Sampon, L. W., M.D., F.ZS.
Descriptions of some New Species of Animal Parasites. 282
Sampon, L. W., M.D., F.Z.8., and Seuiegmann, C. G., M.D., E.Z.8., Pathologist to the Society.
Descriptions of five New Species of Hemogregarines EPROM SMA ROS Me eee ste arlene hole ieee eee lata se sas dala hela ae aun Sa: 283
ScHERREN, Henry, F.Z.S8.
Some sNoteston aly bridmbearcm eae era eee ee ee 431
XIV Seviemann, C. G., M.D., F.Z.8., Pathologist to the Society.
Report on Deaths occurring in the Society’s Menagerie Glpiaine? IMG ope seadessnnesdoasbenssbenouadde cose | codudasdnscssnnoc0s
Seriemann, C. G., M.D,, F.Z.8., Pathologist to the Society, and Samson, L. W., M.D., F.Z.S.
Descriptions of five New Species of Hemogregarines
from Snakes..... Sr ROE NS IE la crc SO RE 3
Sranpine, Herpert F., M.Sc.
Notice of a Memoir on recently discovered Subfossil
TPrpogiraes tort INENORYSEING A 5 occccebacucco does apcocs00n030006
Tuomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S., F.Z.S8.
Description of a new Monkey from the Ituri Forest. (Plate VL.) 2.........ce0 seen ee cee tee tee ee ccee eters cents ectesecaeeeners
Exhibition of a collection of Mammals and Birds from
the Islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido .....................
The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia.—III. On Mammals obtained by Mr. M. P. Anderson in the Philippine Islands7..5..2.......0.......--
The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia. —IV. List of small Mammals from the Islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido. (With Appendix on the Cold-blooded Vertebrates, by G. A. Bov.encrr, TRISH AISE)) Scone vengspeusaaonocodsc0:-. he aise
‘Tomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Wrovueuton, R. C., F.Z.S8.
The Rudd Exploration of South Africa,—VIT. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Coguno, Inhambane.
Page
168
283
281
bo
100
140
404
285
KV Wirn, C. J., of Copenhagen.
Notice of a Memoir entitled “*An Account of the South-American Cheliferine in the Collections of the British and Copenhagen Museums tl a, se Ree ee
Woopwarp, Artuur Suiru, F.R.S., F.Z.S., Keeper of the Geological Department of the British Museum.
Exhibition of a malformed antler of the Red Deer
eeeees
Wrovueuton, R. C., F.Z.S., and Tuomas, OLDFIELD, F.R.S., E.Z8.
The Rudd Exploration of South Africa—VII. List of Mammals obtained by Mr. Grant at Coguno. Inhambane.
380
380
285
Plate I. VI. TI. | IV.) We VI. Vii. VILLI. TN Xe MUL ae SS TUUL IOV {| Xv-} XVI.
XVII.
XVIII. XIX.
Proc.
LIST OF PLATES.
190i pps Elo:
Page Cercopithecus dentt 2.0.2.0 ecu ce esse cc essere ete 2 NycEicebUs PYGMEUS 2.256. 0 cece eset et te ees 3 Pyralidee from British New Guinea .........+++..0-+> 68 Head of a Fetal Giraffe (half the natural size) ......-- 115 torn=tipsy orm Okerpietrs eet iarier so co vsatolee: (198 Young Ossicone or Horn of Okapi..........-+. 200000 Fi Blotched Tabby, Felis catus ......--..e eset ] Striped Tabby, Felis torquata ..........00 sees beeen , 143
Agriotypes of the Striped Tabby
Nbnormal VouneMurbot 2: 4. oti et 174 Elephant Remains from Crete........00.+.s.-eee eres 238 Tanganyika Polyzoa ........--.0-ee eee eer s teens 250
1. Potamen (Potamonautes) orbitospinus. 2-7. Antennal Region of various Potamonidee .......-..--+++++> A
1&3. Potamon (Potumonautes) platynotus. 2 & 4. Platy- | a thelphusa conculeata. 5 & 6. Platythelphusa maculata
1. Barbus bructt. 2. B. sector... 00.0. cee e nese sence | «
Varicorhinus brucit . 6.0... eect ees: \
Foou. Sov.— 1907. h
Vial) ibn cca ae: en ‘lib Res dept sgn
yeti! Mirksiies
me
ae, Bi oe ie
re Ey atten
eect pest | “hh pdt A 6 oO vabinalatiagl ff. ee Cee sn a
Das) ot Mee ee
C2 bo
LIS? OF TEXT-FIGURES.
1907, pp. 1-446.
. Palatal view of skull of Nycticebus pygmeus.. cc... ceveen. . Lateral view of skull of Mycticebus pygmeus... 0... cece eee . a. Snipe bleating, showing characteristic position. 6, Formation
Oli tallbaszordimeanilw ibe! deinetic: hime re teenie
. Varieties of outer tail-feathers of Gallinago cwlestis ........ . a, Dorsal view of musculature of tail of Snipe. 6. Ventral
view of musculature of tail of Snipe ...............00008
. A. Half of tail of Gallinago celestis from without inwards
left to right. B. Half of tail of G. delicata from without inwards left to right. C. Half of tail of G. gullinula ......
. A. Section of two rami of a feather showing interlocking of
distal and proximal radii. B. Ramus of Gallinago celestis, showing proximal and distal rows of radii. C. Distal radius of G. celestis. D. Proximal radius. E, Distal radius of
middle-tail feathers of G. calestis.........0. cc eves seeeees
8. A. Half of tail of Gailinge major from without inwards left to right. B. Half of tail of G. nobilis from without inwards
left to might ©: Elalfion tailot Ge stenw@ 55.0405
9, a. Tail of Gallinago solitaria. 6. Tail of G. megala ........ 10. Lung of Chameleon verrucosus, entire ........000 0. eevee ie Wune ot Chameleonidilepis entire wens. + ssc ls. eee 12. Lung of Chameleon parvilobus, opened longitudinally ........ 13. Lung of Chameleolis, opened longitudinally ................ 14, A. Stomach and pancreas of Chameleolis. B. Dorsal aorta ATG MAMIE Deine ENE No LE BWasbaeoeseoedul si cow we awe l5eMkgua sconcowdes Weadand meck sai j4. 2 oes 16, A portion of the trachea, the bronchi, and the upper parts of
the lungs of Heloderma, fvom the dorsal side ..............
Page 5
5
16 18
i) bo
23
poco “I
be te woe el = S
bo bo Co bs
ASS
) ~t
36.
37.
39.
40.
4l.
Oo
KX
Page
. Pancreas, gall-bladder, &c., of Varanus niloticus, to show the course of the bile-ducts .......... a haa pial ele Sata ea GI tice 64 IDO) LE [Arie WIS CMO OTOCHOHIES. ooo co ne@adounsoobannebasor 65 PUG SOL WAKAWUS GIUSEUS). .. «5. o)eeMeenne anon oe eae eae 66 Mbackeviewsothead Olu VVd as C/(OUtes ime aetna 89 Mehack views of headuot Midas 7 /Ucentcrassmr ere eee 6 Gil A Backvie, of lead of Mudasigniscoventea 1. eee seer 93 milileadsote Midas nye ator |. sateen 94
. Lateral view of the skull and lower jaw of a very youny
Giralle. sis wane ero anes eee © Pongtie aeep aan 101
, Lateral view of the skull of a Giraffe, about two-thirds grown. 102 26. View from above of the fronto-parietal region of the skull of a
WEIAP ROUTES EDN RNIE Rea gaoo suo dando ds cl Gon OO HdMmaD eo bG oA. 102
. View from above of the fronto-parietal region of the skull of an
duane tute MO Ka pi wis aveieraagueva tse, asa tor occ usteenemetewerstate terete suelo seecett 103
28. Sagittal section through the bony tissue of the ossicone and
the roof of the skull of a very young Giratfe .............. 104
. Copy of the drawing of a sagittal section through the ossicone
and the roof of the skull of a newly-born Giraffe, published by the late Sir Richard Owen in the Trans. Zool. Soc. 1840.. 104
. Drawing of the right side of the head of the fcetal Giraffe
described in the text .......:....... BASES. 6 SOR wae 106
Uhesleic shormesoiethe) tcetalmGntalcmnn tyne irre eo nian ot 107 . Diagram to show the flattened plate-like form smi the
orientation of the horns ef the foetal Giraffe .............. 108
33. Skull of Giraffe....showing the directions in which the
Slut welsh CULM: fraatre fea Deocaerensrn catnenewes cisia jes Rerpiere Meets 110
. View, looking forwards, of the skull cut in the direction of
ivory 424 a WORE SECM SE CMbiclke asa wa occ onesies codahblds Dak dil
. Drawing, of the natural size, of a young foetal skull of a
(CHIPTEHE Reta ae eS eR amen ae aes aR ake cha Bis Hines ers Se ey nae 112 Diagram to show the various positions on the frontal bone at which the bony horn-cores of the Cavicorn and Cervine Tuminants may take them erowth\..- s-)) e eee reece - 114 Left side of the head of the foetal Giraffe described, showing colour-stripes on the snout and above and below the eye.... 115
. Section across three dark-coloured bands above the eye of the
foetal Giraffe, showing three longitudinal furrows or de- pressions in transverse section corresponding to the dark
WHC mc oeadescetesero vos cs ado essen seovsdbecosagmaaE 116 Section of the skin of the frontal region of the foetal Giraffe, showing threesizes Of Waits Terr miele elaine ela aie-/ ( Lily
Surface-view of banded “pelage”’ of the frontal region of foetal Giraffe, showing the convergence of the hairs at the three longitudinal Tiana Oi Gawd ayyOCRMNNOS 5 ocdococsod.essccnce 118
An enlarged drawing of a single hair of average size ofr om the frontal region of an adult Giraffe, showing the ‘dark pigmented free extremity and the opaque white lower DOAN “S sueuees 119
42.
y ; Colour-striping on the face of a Somali-land Beant . chain teegiiths 124 . The same specimen as that shown in text-fig. 47, with colour
XX1 Page Colour-striping on the face of an adult male Giraffe from Kordofanvirraa i) 4. ae ey Sepak st, Atl areecare Hiaiith 120
. Colour-striping on the face of an adult female Giraffe from
ond ofan ree Oy Soy Pay hou edo ceaneapebisieh aisha bis 120
. Colour-striping on the Anas al Giraffa ae dalis cottont
from: Mitz HleonsUWeanday icy anne ‘ RU avant ata Ay
: Colour-striping on th face and muzzle ofa a Thaiernsel Giraffe... 122 . The same specimen as that shown in text-fig. 45, with colour
OMMUETERE: Aye Ye). CON aeaee Bvt capay betas Fe Reet ee ile
Onna GS Pea ol I SRS. 8 Nk CRY EN) ecu NURS ea ie HERR 124
. Drawing of a fore and aft section through the tip of the ossicone
of amt adults Okapi | Ase A) eects: & skaters byevenateverenne as tasers acer 126
5), Rudimentary free ossicone of hemispherical shape from the skin overlying the frontal bossed region of the skull of an Okapitofethe broud-siculleditype) Wank aes see aces niet 128
51. Section of the ossicusp drawn in text-fig. 50, to show the
In{coOmlpleter ossilie sti Om mej vecvalss 9 -)-Naate ene enekeielsy siotaet ate cist etele 128
52. Bisected horn-tip of the Edinburgh Okapi...............055 13L
53. Section of half of the same ‘Waecal OMM=bip Ns. 1 « 131
64. Drawing of the right ossicone of the Okapi brought by Capt. Boyd Alexander “Fhonin the Welle River ...... Maint: tovetoers 154
55. Section through the tip of the same specimen to show the incomplete trabeculated Ossification’............---.s++5+- 134
DGwerylal resinafict) Uy Mule wit acts ei qumGics shiseier ni eke a aye 136
is Jalil Tay vonee (Cheerenarnes@) a8 s auoercokceseeoun aud 137
58. Breeding-basin of Myla resinifictrix: (A) side view, and (B) OOM) (Chien TMG) 2 oo oe Soe Ue bo od od 5544506 voueS a 158
59. Breeding-basin of Hyla resinifictria, seen from above ..... oe ltd
60. Diagram of the Pattern of the Blotched Tabby (Felis catus) .. 154
61. Aorta of Tiger, showing several aneurysms ............ So te. LEG
G2wAZyeos vems.ol Cenvicapia Donota. ses ee ass ia- Seetatiel to atniolels 186
Gay Aayeos veins of GarellaneiGhone wniiiiess “ii. - its lreers iets sa 187
64. Azygos veins of Phacocherus ethiopicus.... 0.0.0.0 eceee snes 189
65. Azyvos veins of Tragulus menwnnd). 0.0605. o ce tweens 191
66. Hyrax capensis; two different arrangements of azygos system. 194
Gi Azye0s veins Of Lrvnaceus agus) J... o-tiriansr ais 196
GSH AZygosiOn Ge ANCrOcuba, Wn acto a twle SIP) « di-siewinle: «Weyl tae 199
69. Azygos of Crossarchus ohscurus .......+... siiaeval avec eens .. 200
70. Azygos veins of Halmaturus bennett .........0.0..20 ee cease 203
71. Azygos veins of Phascolomys mitchellt ........0.ssecvevees 204
(Pe ENA) veils Ol JESUP INGEN. 1) 5 oo BD bens au eno uo a Seo 211
73. Lateral view of the thoracic region of newly born Myopotamus COU PU wa « sohansrent eee mtcR Neier dee) a Seater et Nelen ee tiedeine caeF. Meena a Sr alsa 214
74. Hind limb at Diangimhodor Peas ee te eaeen ee eng Samia 4) DO
“ow blind limbs on Rhamprorymenuss Wiz. aeiee atest! ths eis 225
AGsullingdslim'a Ob Pia acany ism ose Rene ars ae ait retasts 226
XXIl
Page (i odind timbyot Wyetodactylus 0)... ee. 227 (37 Hindllimbsok Hipposiderus —)......). eee net ee 30 (OmEindlimbrot Ornichomiumus sso 0. 2) se. ee eee eye, On 80. Hind limbs of Dipus (left) and Alactaya (right) ............ 232 ily [altos Whirl) ore UA ACA COED Jobb bobcs cua bagdsonassdansen 233 82. Hypothetical reconstruction of a running “ Pro-Avis” ...... 235 85. Right mandibular ramus of Elephas antiquus (?) bearing two lower:molars’ Zan. ¢. aaa Mee es oct eee 245 84, Platythelphusa armata, large male ...........00-000ceecaes 269 80: Micracketusicollctiy a nee ee ee, ee ee 278 BONUMicrochelusiZulicnsisi ie. eh anes eaten 280 Oe Helis maniiean scat are eee 6 cB rar 55 300 88. Skull of Felis manu!, view from above .............0000008 304. Go” Skullloterelsunanulssideicw eae ee ee 305 SO Barbus polylends: 1a a Geay Ce amen cerns 2 ern ots RE 308 Oy Gonbusrelephuntis® hoe). (en eee ee oe OO, 92, Palmar surface of hand and foot of Me Halonney VS WOBHED eens o 326 93. Part of dorsal musculature of Wegalophrys nasuta............ 302 94, Some of the dorsal muscles of Rana gunpyt ...............- 333 95. A dissection of Pelobates fuscus, to show large cesophageal sheet ot thestransyerselich see nnn e cn 304 96. Some of the dorsal muscles of Ceratophrys orndta .......... 336 ine klvoid tof Megalophnys nasutcmne teen 341 98. The cesophageal sheet of transversalis muscle in Megalophrys OSES 65 85 ce MONT Sb B1e CRE RE RT En ete 346 99, Liver and adjacent viscera of Rana guppyt ....... cee cee ees 349 OOO viductotMegalopinysacasuta mee ee ee ee 350 101. Lateral aspects of the skulls of :—a. Gymnorhina organicum.
b. Laniarius poliocephalus. e. Sayornts cineracea ........ 355
. Ventral aspects of the skulls of :—a. Artamus leucogaster.
b. Sayornis cineracea. cc. Terpsiphone. 4d. Pitta baudi.
e. Vireolanius leucotes. {. Vireo olivaced ...............- 362 103. Ventral aspects of the skulls of :—a. Zanius collurio. b. Bas a- disea raygiana. c. Gymnorhina organicum................ 363 104. Phylogenetic tree indicating the probable relationships of the Passeres Oligomyodii and Diacromyodii .................. 377 105, Head of the Addo Bush, or East Cape Elephant (Hlephas G/PUCANUS ICAPENSIS) «2. e714. Se ee, 383 106. Head of Female West Cape Blephant (Elephas africanus SOU EES EOE AS DORE EM RA. fs Acs 5 63-0. .n:6.0 080-Ao RE 385 107. Head of Male West Cape Elephant (lephas africanus OUR ES) PRE AIAN Pee TR AMADA IN cc rh cin Gobioes Ad Chere 386 108. Head of Male Mashonaland Elephant (Elephas africanus BELOUSL) a, SN, Fake Ie SORES ARE eee ree tere emt th 387 109. Right Ear of Male Mashonaland Elephant (Elephas africanus SCLOUSD La ee ha Shia ence La ee ane: 388 110. Head of Male Elephant from Swaziland .................. 389 111. Right Ear of the Congo Elephant (Zlephas africanus cyclotis?). 390
XX1ll
Page 112. Head of a Male Elephant from North-west Rhodesia ........ 391
113. Head of Male Elephant from Fort Manning, N.E. Rhodesia (Hlephas afiracanus knochenhawert?) .....5..g..-+-s02++-- 392
114. Head of Male Elephant from the Aberdare Mountains, British Wast, Autica rants: os s)s ac naeonrame Renan rience a oth sald ~- 393
115. Head of Male Elephant from the Lake Rudolf District (Zlephas AFTICONUS COVENGISHE)) io an cheEd SOTA ames eS roca, 8 ett 394
116. Head of the “Queen’s Elephant,” an immature Male Sudan Hlephant, (sage ..cc ed 5) ete eR eer ae eerie. 396
117. Right Ear of a Male Sudan Elephant (Llephas africanus OCU OLISI) Ys, she sie eons So Whey lag sno aah ees ETA RI La NRE RS = 397
118. Right Ear of the North Somali Elephant (Zlephas africanus OUUCAIST Nin ae sales os osle sah sietanoneiearaiat eGR aa ele euSASRDs ean heen 398
119, Head of “ Jumbo,” the male West Sudan Elephant formerly belongineytonbhne: Socte tyes tae ieee sie eerie 400
120. Front view of the Skull of the Sudan Elephant (Llephas A ILC ANUS! OMYOLUS) aise Mea sbeu Masses 2 isn, PARENTS © eich eta oe 40]
121. Front view of the Skull of the Albert Nyanza Elephant (Hlenhasyajnicaniusialbetersts) ei een eel ae eae 402 122. Spermathecal sac of Polytoreutus ruwenzorii ......- +02 eee 418 128. Yerminal male organs of Polytoreutus granti .......0. 2.005. 42] 124, Spermathecal sac of Polytoreutus grant? ...............44. 422 125, Spermathecal apparatus of Newmanniella ruwenzori.......... 426 126. Ventral view of Eminoscoler ruwenzorat ... ........+-.-+- 498 127. Terminal male organs of Lminoscoler ruwenzortt ...........5 430
LIST OF NEW GENERIC TERMS
PROPOSED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME (pp. 1-446).
Monodonta (Insecta)...... 69 | Tipuliforma (Insecta) ......... ..
PROCEEDINGS -
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
| ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON “eel
1907.
Paces 1-236. CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
- JANUARY anv FEBRUARY.
JUNE 1907.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON :. MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CoO., ; PATERNOSTER-ROW,
ae —Price Tiuelve Shilings] ERY
aGenal Musee
LIST OF: CONTENTS:
1907, pp. 1-236.
January 15, 1907. Page The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie during the months of
November and December, 1906 .......- eee cece cece ee erence Sistele se ueuvenne wistnicuste 1:
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Description of a new Monkey from He Ituri
Forest. (Plate 1.) 2... cect eee cect ce cece ees cece ec cece eas essne eens stones 2 1. On a Collection of Mammals made by Dr. Yassal in Annam. By J. Laws Bonnorg,
M.A., F.LS., F.Z.8. (Plate II.) ..... PEPE S Arias) ah eee heen Lay AC Demo ri. & 3 2. On the “ Bleating” or “ Drumming ” of the Snipe (Gallinago cwlestis). By P. H. Baur,
TRAV SAHIN nia epee stalcde 10 gietei is en lace eh amie aoe Re teal emieieieh ty. Uo tate datevale 6 whe lavas feoe Bian iiee ls 3. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Systematic Arrangement and Anatomy of certain —
Genera and Species of Squamata. By Franz EB. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to
bE OCI by sa < vere ia allo eis cie >'» Sie vetets sie eh ee ae a eemar ea aisle Notcetarets A Hatem 14 35 4. A List of Moths of the Family Pyralide collected by A. EH. Pratt in British New Guinea
in 1902-3, with Descriptions of new Species. By Gnorczk H. Kenrick, ¥.Z8.
(Pints WUT, DV) Fie vies otaemie esanclse ale een retrere Pstarete AE Fy Ae a ES oh 68 5. On some new and insufliciently known Species of Marmoset Monkeys from the
Amazonian Region. By Prof, Dr. Bui A. Gorrnr, C.M.ZS., Director of the Para
Museum 2.0.6 cece eee te ee cece reece eet ee tnt et ene cnet eee cette es Arata 88
February 5, 1907. ;
Myr. F. Martin Duncan. Cinematograph exhibition of Animals in the Society’s Gardens
and other Zodloridal Subjects. ceo POH es ihe wo aera 2 wiahinten sian ate acsiate siete tate tetele 100. Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S. Exhibition of a collection of Mammals and Birds
from the Islands of Saghalien and Hokkaido ........6..cseeeeeee SR sna c lee SOU
Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
eee
Tuts Society was founded in 1826 by Sir Sramrorp Rarrtes, Mr. J. Sasrnz, Mr. N. A. Vigors, and other eminent Naturalists, for the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology, and for the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom,
and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1829.
COUNCIL.
HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEDFORD, K.G., President.
George A. Bovnenenr, Ese., | P. Caarmers Mrrcnert, Ksa.,
F.R.S., Vice-President. | EAMG iD USton, IDRIbRIB 5. aderatSin. Joun Rosz Braprorp, Ese.,M.D., | Secretary,
D.Sc., F.R.S., Vice-President. || W. R. Ocinyie-Grant, Ese. F. Dawrrey Drewirr, Ese, || Aubert Pam, Esa.
vAG,, M1). | s
M.A., M.D Ki. Lorr Parties, Ese.
CHartes Drummonp, KEsa.,
P | Str Patrick Prayrarr, C.LE. Treasurer. | Srr Epwarp Durano, Br., C.B. Tun Hon. Watrer Roruscatzp,
F. Du Cane Gopman, Hse, | D.Se., M.P. D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-President. || Howarp Saunpers, Hsq., Vice- President.
Josep Jackson Lasrer, Ese., | M.A., F.RB.S. | Davin Sera-Surra, se.
Srr Epmunp Grows Lopur, Br., | OLDFIELD Tomas, Hse, F.R.S. Vice-Presedent. | A. Truvor-Barryg, Kse., M.A.
Pror. Epwarp ALFRED Mincury, || Henry Woopwarp, Hse., LL.D. M.A. F.R.S., Vice-President.
2
The Society consists of Fellows, and Honorary, Foreign, and Corresponding Members, elected according to the By-Laws. It carries out the objects of its foundation by means of the collection of living animals at Regent’s Park, by its Library at 3 Hanover Square, W., and by its scientific publications.
The Office of the Society (3, Hanover Square), where all communications should be sent, addressed to “The Secretary,” is
open from Ten till Five, except on Saturdays, when it closes at Two P.M.
The Library, under the superintendence of Mr. F. H. Waterhouse, is open daily at the above hours, except in September.
The Meetings of the Society for General Business are held at the Office on the Thursday following the third Wednesday in every month of the year, except in September and October, at Four p.m.
The Meetings for Scientific Business are held at the Office twice a month on Tuesdays, except in July, August, September, and October, at half-past Hight o’clock p.m.
The Anniversary Meeting is held on the 29th April, or the nearest conyenient day, at Four p.m.
The Gardens in the Regent’s Park are open daily from Nine o’clock until Sunset. Mr. R. I. Pocock is the resident Superintendent. The Prosectorium for Anatomical and Pathological work at the Gardens is under the charge of Mr. Frank E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S.,
Prosector, assisted by Dr. ©. G. Seligmann, Pathologist to the Society.
TERMS FOR THE ADMISSION OF FELLOWS.
Frttows pay an Admission Fee of £5, and an annual Contri- bution of £3, due on the 1st of January, and payable in advance, or a Composition of £45 in lieu thereof; the whole payment, including the Admission Fee, being £50.
No person can become a Frrtow until the Admission Fee and First Annual Subscription have been paid, or the annual payments have been compounded for.
Frttows elected after the 3lst of August are not liable for the Subscription for the year in which they are elected.
3 PRIVILEGES OF FELLOWS.
Frttows have Personal Admission to the Gardens with Two Companions. daily, upon signing their names in the book at the entrance gate.
The Wire or Huszanp of a Fettow can exercise these privileges in the absence of the Fellow.
Every Frttow is entitled to receive annually 60 undated Green Cards, and, when no specific instructions are received, the supply will be sent in this form. If preferred, however, 20 Green Cards may be exchanged for a book containing 2 Orders for each Saturday * throughout the year. A similar book of Sunday Orders may also be obtained in leu of 20 Green Cards. A Green Card may also be exchanged for 2 Buff Cards for the use of Children under 12 years of age.
It is particularly requested that Fellows will sign every Ticket before it goes out of their possession. Unsigned Tickets are not available.
Green and Buff Tickets may be used on any day and in any year, but in no case can two Children be admitted with one Adult Ticket, or an Adult admitted with two Children’s Tickets.
The annual supply of Tickets will be sent to each Frttow on the Ist of January in every year, upon filling up and returning the form of Standing Order supplied to Fellows.
Fetitows are not allowed to pass in friends on their written Order or on presentation of their Visiting Cards.
Frttows are exempt from payment of the fee for Painting, Sketching, and Photographing in the Society’s Gardens.
Frttows have the privilege of receiving the Society’s ordinary Publications issued during the year upon payment of the additional Subscription of One Guinea. This Subscription is due upon the 1st of January, and must be paid before the day of the Anniversary Meeting, after which the privilege lapses. Frttows are likewise entitled to purchase these Publications at 25 per cent. less than the price charged to the public. A further reduction of 25 per cent. is also made upon all purchases of Publications issued prior to 1881, if above the value of Five Pounds.
Fettows also have the privilege of subscribing to the Annual Volume of ‘The Zoological Record,’ which gives a list of the Works and Publications relating to Zoology in each year, for the sum of
* The Saturday Orders are not available if the Fellow introduces friends personally on that day.
4
One Pound Ten Shillings. Separate divisions of the volume can also be supplied. Full particulars of these publications can be had on application to the Secretary.
Frntows may obtain a TransreRaBLe Ivory Ticker admitting Two Persons, available throughout the whole period of Fellowship, on payment of Ten Pounds in one sum. A second similar Ticket may be obtained on payment of a further sum of Ten Pounds upon the recommendation of the Council.
Any Frttow who intends to be absent from the United Kingdom during the space of one year or more, may, upon giving to the Secretary notice in writing, have his or her name placed upon the * dormant list,” and will be thereupon exempt from the payment of the annual contribution during such absence.
Any Frtiow, having paid all fees due to the Society, is at liberty to withdraw his or her name upon giving notice in writing to the Secretary.
Ladies or Gentlemen wishing to become Fellows of the Society are requested to communicate with the undersigned.
P. CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.BS.,
Secretary. 3 Hanover Square, London, W.,
June, 1907. MEETINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON FOR
SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS. (AT 3 HANOVER SQUARE, W.)
1907.
TuEspay, JANUARY 15 Turspay, May .... 7 and 28 ¥y Feprvary 5 and 19 if JUNE ees és March .. 5 «,- 19 56 November 12 and 26 - AUER oy SN oy 28} ., DecremBer 10
The Chair will be taken at half-past Eight o'clock in the Evening precisely.
LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society of London are of two kinds—“ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, and “ Transactions,” in quarto.
According to the present arrangements, the ‘‘ Proceedings”’ contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien- tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings and recommended to be published in the ‘‘ Proceedings” by the Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates and engravings are issued in the volumes of the “ Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remark- able species of animals describedin them. Amongst such illustrations, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living state for the Society’s Gardens are often given.
The “ Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part published in April completing the volume for the last half of the preceding year. From January 1901 they have been issued as two half-yearly volumes.
The ‘‘ Transactions” contain such of the more important communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form. They are issued at irregular intervals.
Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni- versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive the Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less than the price charged for them to the Public. A further reduction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications issued prior to 1881, if they exceed the value of five pounds.
Fellows also have the privilege of subscribing to the Annual Volume of the Zoological Record for a sum of 30s. (which includes cost of delivery), payable on the Ist July in each year; but this privilege is forfeited unless the subscription be paid before the 1st of December following.
The following is a complete list of the publications of the Society already issued.
[ June, 1907. ]
TRANSACTIONS* OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
4to. 16 vols. and Index. Enice te Price to the ellows. Public. Vol. _I., containing 59 Plates.... (1833-85) .... £3 13 6.... £4 18 Of Ree he 7... (188A) ae MO ONS 6 Gt Gaplliee a VARNES Thee ©. (1GAD EMO) pe ancien, 7 Tai ii gale (isb1262) 6 2 0 Ss 2 cor MEN VG j-!.., . KIRC266)) 2: ts ae ee TOPO Pavel, *5 tn Gea e CKO oad Lk SB © , 15 0 O 2 Vl ASE AO... 1319 © peal T es | iy go 1). (ere ot AO ie bs) ee SO EI, meme (Ge) os eT Gays 1G 9 0 G Jone SCA) sooo: O 3, le 7 O Index, Vols, ATS aXat td vs viele ante EES (O)eotn Of Coos5 OO Vol. XI., containing 97 SBIR: 3 (U880=85) a OD Oa al eG uO i X11, yy | OD 2 yy? oo (esGH80) sogn O 8 O; i 4 xa, 5 Gs 4, (RSIS) 6.8 18 4) allen axe 2 AT Ne a UB OCLOS) germs 45 THO 7 0 0 Lexa P52 9 2 eosligon) (2175 156 eran ON ee CLIC eee, 7 AO GV see wl: as, ae on (Anes ISOS) 55 i a Gy 110 0 UX oy 2 one ¢ Boh, vor Aup OOS) gate 0 13 36 | 12 wonemm CH ne ae ea (ORC ONS ON a LO o Seyi, ae, 88) of (Oct MOOD) ee el 72 46... gel NO OVI Ne Ree ERG act (Decwl905) = x0 115 0 | somo oy le ote OF by IE oa (CGtin ITS)o 0.5 Ib BG 110 0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND
CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
LONDON. 8vo. 2 vols. (Letterpress only). rice te Eley eone Raney Ilo ISO. vO, ByOs “soasooscasonce 4s. 6d. 6s. DRS 2 ety aye Meco asie rte cenconeto ors As, 6d. 6s.
9 i)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8vo. 15 vols. (Letterpress only) and Index. (First Series.)
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. Part I. 1833.1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.f | Part IX. 1841.1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.+ II. 1834, . 4s. 6d. .. 6s. As X. 1842. ‘9 HAG, 95 (GR = WUE, Ike), op 4s. Gd. .. 6s. $9 XI. 1848. he 4s. 6d. ... 6s. Pe LValeoG. 7H 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 5 ue aise: = 4s, 6d. .. 6s. V. 1837. 9 4s. 6d. .. 6s. » XIII. 1845. op 4s. 6d. .. 6s. » VI. 1888. 5 A's GG. Ware LOS: » AIV. 1846. i 4s. 6d, .. 6s.+ “WUE USS) op As) 6d.00). (OSs XV. 1847. s As. Gd. jn Osa » WIIL 1840. .s AsO Geen OSs; Index 1830-1847, “9 As. Gd...) Gs:
8vo. 13 vols. and Index. Letterpress only.
(Second Series.) With Plates coloured.
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. Part XVI. 1848. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. GS Eesenien.: ol @ 8 sel 7 Gr ; XVII. 1849. 4 As. 6d. Gs raeenorers iO) (8) a ete ; XVITI. 1850. "5 4s. 6d. GSy Me eere coe lt 8 @ 118 OF Me MT SHI. MA MAoned, Sie ae le 015 9 ee OF XOX, Wey) hs Ga Galo ak: 015 9 11. OF f LONGI | A) eS Oe Galale. oh de 018 0 1 4 OF > DONG TEE Aas Gat Gilg. cee e 019 6 1 6 OF ” SOE Ia gh 2 te Gane 186 118 O+¢ SOON, SHG) gh Aan Gh Ga aR oct: 1/08 ke Ge SOCUS MAN OT. AS Gop Gas Laker 10 3 1 7 6 OCU IG ye Gs Vc rae Ma 3 2 2 OF » XXVIT. 1859. 5 4s. 6d, Oss Capaewetteauete 111 6 2 20) { SOOWE IS, 9 4 Gs: em 1ll 6 2 2 Ot Index 1848-1860. el a Gch 6s.
t Out of print. * In consequence of a re-arrangement of the stock of the ‘Transactions,’ the Society is now able to offer for sale, at the reduced price of £30, sets from Vol. v.—xvi. inclusive, and separate papers at about one-fourth their published price,
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8vo. 40 vols. and 4 Indices.
Letterpress only.
With Plates uncoloured.
With Plates coloured.
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. SOURS Ash Capes cha, OSNucrara eens 9s. St Ge eres Bas Wh boon Sees TSK ae, WIGS Gio) ciara Os. Gatco en! 9s, spl Demet aracte BS, Beh sooc 458.7 1863 Alo. Boh co oc OSes Ne 9s. Pall DAS Near 33s. Od. 45s. 1864 AG. (Sth ooco O's s0006 9s. MO spa htc a Cos O Usama 45s. 1865 Asa GU MeN dey OSiirern Sara's 9s. CD SS erates Se, Oh ccon HS USGS oo 66, Geko coos Coo doe 5 BS Ls Secale Sa Veh, coos 45s, AS Gf Paes ee erieasecras ewe oanchel cos cverseahs 9s, SDS leas Bey Cee coee Ads. MyelOXS) Gs ain icin ihe ee Beare NCO re ie 9s, ep Sareoae sae Be, QW, soos 45s. SCO Ps kara at eauia watcharertratets 9s. Ph Ese rae os Bes Gh sooo 4B ANS RO). elses riers CRS ReE eee en Qs. ey el AS Nee set B30, MG sooo 4S, lhagless,, IKSIGaNSVO seocoeoneues AS Gh Sccn GK HILS /alratrtrces Ale a es cent atari 18 sae 9s. Ue seal are ae Wee Boe, Oh sooc 45s, ICV ater 3 TN ARS anole Bete Prerer cma 9s, ea res Be, Sh sooo SOSA TCR ea eames emi ee Che eon too meer ere 9s idl AGS e est Bae, Ble sooo “OS GAs ee tiae ots cceeeaettos usb aes Ain iets Qs. 5 aap 36s. 48s.+ 1S LOC Re ore Neen Ce ssai ad eraietor ete: 9s. BEAD noe 36s. 48s. TSIABS in era ete oeeo (G Sienosae a alae 9s. 5 19s, 36s. 48s. DSS AN nics Sr tence iS Bare Giese 9s Sou Steno 36s, 48s. TKSVAGH ib a cee Re ark an a ena Meet 9s Bea Mach ante 36s. 48s. TSS AG) bk ORE Soh tr eee al ON 9s A LD cits eae ee 36s. 48s. ISSORRGAR eens Rite shud dene ieae Grorens 9s, BN ee Ky, = SA ok 36s. 48s. IndexenlS (i =VSSOR ar seiercilels Ast Gd sae 6s. SSM rere tien ae ce ly causes vey faceyaters 9s. eae alse 36s. 48s, BSS OI ee tsar eral ara mia enae 9s, ; sD Seiten tern 36s. 48s, LUST ENDY Se idepthte Rin sae Meee eRe Cree 9s. nee: 36s. 48s, BLS Setar e cua peace a el 9s. neemren IAS fans cece 36s. 48s, OSS Dir we eek near nae intrest aeonecoennerers 9s. Reeser NO Sarre seraiaien 36s. 48s. USS Gies eee a am ct Ae ts MOTs 9s, Pedeei coal WAG . 36s. 48s. INS Spree: Setanta he tak pave tear ccs 9s. Cena oO Shy ena tee Bs 36s. 48s, MISS Sr weccenta tect ate note oesnoose ona 9s. eels 5 OK 48s, MSS OMA eatarseset iecaacnicosrars, ave acters 9s. ; VDSS reiiaarene 36s. 48s. NS OO Beam masini ect wenetee cnn sesyerats 9s. F WS Flora 36s. 483s. Index, 1S8I=1890) sess. - aa Ass Gd aera: 6s. AUS OTs ree, Ses ae Siyemiig nor Porc ate tt ingte) Shay Ness A rg raien tar con ston ationorce 36s. 48s. SOD. 8 eeiectanpensanbeesar siete ROL ROS ORED OEE oe 36s. 48s. SOS erat re ent epee era aan tsbcemeay et nt ataty suairseSamvage tor ester secu 36s. 48s. SOA Ve eee Renae Wy PRP EY A Me Sica RE ees nla anairep een ah ane 36s, 48s, TSC Fs Ret rner tr eins quhict. ieaty a ath gai re ei near aoe Soren Patel EAN 36s. 48s, MSO GR siren Mee ronan ae pearine hAtute thc Jay, warcher usa aed ch eR earn 36s. 48s. BLS ON ee te tagaecaners NL mCeR Rte pec cag er Royer uuan nich hee a Rack eBenel any 36s. 48s, TO Se eS ii eccral sah ina ete ee Say. ad ae ap ME o-aueewradiciay ane eee RENTS 36s. 48s, NS se a ae te A eal nea amen Joel alare Nach ay chit remtawas oyeb ah siete Motte O6s. A8s, TUCO LO) Geareee ee Ren Meng emp Mii nc eR th iANe RAMEE mia Minera 5 Ore Ae 36s. 48s, lundlee, USSG Coo doonounae Ase Gdenee Os
* No perfect copies in stock. t Out of print.
PROCEEDINGS or tar GENERAL MEETINGS ror SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS or tut ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8vo. 12 vols.
Price to Price to the Fellows. Public. NGO WOllsy Oe Seen a A eA APS A PA Ihc bao gio Ssh ey ae 24s, * “pi LU aes ane ee RI th Sie EC TCR A Salo ols 24s, LQOZS opie, VAS iy ener rane a arena omen CRTC Sx Aa el en A TSS: une 24s, mr price ete eck, Ba aad he ner ch ea iw as Se Thee ccigte cy, 249) HS) Semen erro cok, Bi cia laps OW mic When Be RMSE oe EEN Sse ner eaee as: i Fee SS RR en Noting 20d SUA cg ee OR WEE cansey Lis TO ee Sa URES 9 Sipe ARC rrr tame on Cae eRe le WatrCet ckheeas Fe Ss ae eee 24s, - ee LL 58, Aaaree 5 opa sing: okGe ec Wen y oer AEM EN cents Tes. ae 24s ODO Mites orale ites Maer y mie. Meee tdcnk kane eT OR Roce: f LSS ea: eA ca Ma AE Shed on en acne Mtoe CE RHR aS LSS. atk eae 24s. MOOG Mi 2pV OlSa es ZAI: aio Ricctece ticker Aceh hoe ae MM ED EI ec CHO S.chin o 48s,
LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. (Highth Edition.) 8vo. 1883. Cloth, 4s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. (Ninth Edition.) 8vo. 1896. Cloth, 6s.; Paper, 5s.
Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London. (Fifth Edition.) 8vo. 1902. Cloth, 6s.; Paper, 5s.
These publications may be obtained at the Socrery’s OFFIce (3 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Lonemans’ (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any bookseller.
THE ZOOLOGICAL RECORD.
——-05900——.
THE object of the Zootogican Record is to give, by means of an
annual Volume, complete lists of the Works and Publications relating to Zoology in all its branches that have appeared during the year preceding the issue of the Volume, together with full information as to the points they deal with, arranged in such a manner as to serve as an Index to the literature of Zoology in all parts of the globe, and thus to form a repertory that will retain its value for the Student in future years.
The ‘ Zoological Record’ is published by the Society at the price of 40s. per volume. But all Members of the Zoological Society of London have the privilege of receiving it, including the cost of delivery, at a subscription price of 30s. per annum. This Sub- scription is due on the 1st of July in every year, and the privilege of Subscription is forfeited unless the amount be paid before the Ist of December following.
The Zoological Society, having purchased the entire stock of the ‘Zoological Record,’ is able to supply complete sets. The thirty-seven Volumes to the end of the nineteenth century, and the Index-Volume (1880-1900) in addition, will be supplied for £15 net (or without the Index-Volume, for £14 10s. net). Volumes of any single year (exclusive of the last five volumes and Vols. 4 and 6) can likewise be supplied at 10s. per volume net.
The price of the Index Zoologicus (Index-Volume 1880-1900) is 20s., to Fellows 18s.
Members of the Society wishing to subscribe to the ‘ Record ’ are requested to apply at this office for a Form, to be returned when filled up and signed by the subscriber. In order to facilitate the payment of the subscription, a Banker’s Order Form is also supplied to those who prefer that mode of payment. ‘This order, when filled up and signed, should be sent to the Society’s office for registration ; it will then be sent to the Agents named therein.
Learned Societies and Institutions and members of the former Zoological Record Association are permitted to subscribe to the ‘Record’ on the same conditions as are accorded to Members of the Zoological Society.
The divisions of the ‘Zoological Record,’ commencing with Vol. 39, may be obtained separately as shown on the next page.
SEPARATE DIVISIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL RECORD.
At present each Volume of the Zoonocicat Rucorp consists of 20 separately paged Divisions. These may be obtained separately,
in paper covers, stitched and lettered.
The following are the Divisions and their net prices, viz. :—
Se ile
List of abbreviations of journals, ete. 2a) Special Records, viz. :—
I. General Subjects .. 26
II. Mammalia RB 8
III. Aves acted a riecn ma 6 0
IY. Reptilia and Batrachia.. Ab
V. Pisces 2 6
VI. Tunicata ue
VII. Mollusea 4 0
VIII. Brachiopoda .. ile
IX. Bryozoa I ©
X. Crustacea oy 8
XI. Arachnida 4)
XII. Myriopoda pe
XIII. Insecta .. 12 0
XIY. Echinoderma a) 6
XGVEN Wiermes >. oy
XVI. Coelenterata . Then 8
XVII. Spongize 2
XVIII. Protozoa 2)
Index of new names of genera and subgenera 2)
On receipt of the price any Division will be forwarded as soon as ready.
These separate Divisions can be obtained trom the Zoological Society, 8 Hanover Square, London, and also from Messrs. Fried- lander & Sohn, 11 Carlstrasse, Berlin. Cheques and Post-Office Orders should be made payable to “The Zoological Society,” and crossed ‘“* Drummond’s,”
P. CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary. June, 1907. ZOOLOGICAL Soctety or Lonpon, 3 Hanover Square, W.
LIST OF VOLUMES or raz ‘ZOOLOGICAL RECORD,’
The Record of Zoological Literature, 1864-1866, Vols. 1.-111., and 1868, Vol. v. Edited by Anserr C. L. G. Ginrner, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.8., &e. Price 10s. each Volume. Net. (1867, Vol. rv., supplied with sets only.)
The Record of Zoological Literature, 1869, Vol. vr. Hdited by Atsert C. L. G. Gintner, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.2Z.S., &c. London, 1870. Price 30s.
The Zoological Record for 1870-1872, Vols. vir.tx. Hdited by Atrrep Newroy, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.8., &e. Price 10s. each Volume. Net.
The Zoological Record for 1873-1883, Vols. x._xx. Edited by Epwarp Canpwett Rys, F.Z.8., M.E.S. Price 10s. each Volume. Net.
The Zoological Record for 1884, 1885, Vols. xx1., xx11. Edited by F. Jerrrey Bett, M.A. Price 10s. each Volume. Net.
The Zoological Record for 1886-1890, Vols. xx1i1.-xxvit. Edited by Frank E. Brepparp, M.A., F.Z.8. Price 10s. each Volume. Net.
The Zoological Record for 1891-1900, Vols. xxviII.—xxxvil. Edited by D. Saare, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., &c. Price 10s. each Volume. Net.
The Zoological Record, Volume the Thirty-eighth; being Records of Zoological Literature relating chiefly to the year 1901. By J. A. Thomson, R. Lydekker, R. Bowdler Sharpe, G. A. Boulenger, Alice L. Embleton, EK. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, 8. Pace, Albert Brown, D. Sharp, F. A. Bather, and E. A. Minchin. Fdited (for the Zoological Society of London) by Davin Suarp, M.A., F.R.S. F.Z.8., &c. London, 1902. Price 30s.
The Zoological Record, Volume the Thirty-ninth ; being Records of Zoological Literature relating chiefly to the year 1902, By D. Sharp, R. Lydekker, R. Bowdler Sharpe, G. A. Boulenger, W. T. Calman, E. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, Alice L. Embleton, F. A. Bather, E. A. Minchin, and H. M. Woodcock. Edited (for the Zoological Society of London) by Davin Suarp, M.A., F.RS., F.Z.8., &c. London, 1903. Price 30s.
The Zoological Record, Volume the Fortieth; being Records of Zoological Literature relating chiefly to the year 1903. By D. Sharp, R. Lydekker, R. Bowdler Sharpe, G. A. Boulenger, W. T. Calman, E. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, Alice L. Embleton, F. A. Bather, E. A. Minchin, and H. M. Woodcock. Edited (for the Zoological Society of London) by Davip Suarr, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S8., &e. London, 1904. Price 30s.
The Zoological Record, Volume the Forty-first; being Records of Zoological Literature relating chiefly to the year 1904. By D. Sharp, R. Lydekker, R. Bowdler Sharpe, G. A. Boulenger, W. 1. Calman, E. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, Alice L. Embleton, F. Silvestri, EK. Simon, F. A. Bather, W. Woodland, and H. M. Woodcock. Edited (for the Zoological Society of London) by Davin Suarp, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &. London, 1905. Price 40s.
The Zoological Record, Volume the Forty-second ; being Records of Zoological Literature relating chiefly to the year 1905. By D. Sharp, R. Lydekker, R. Bowdler Sharpe, Igerna B. J. Sollas, W. T. Calman, EK. R. Sykes, E. A. Smith, Helen P. Kemp, F, Silvestri, A. 8. Hirst, Margaret Grant, Cora B. Sanders, E. A. Minchin, and H. M. Woodcock. Ldited (for the Zoological Society of London) by Davin Sarr, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.8., &. London, 1906. Price 40s.
Index Zoologicus. An alphabetical list of names of genera and subgenera proposed for use in Zoology, as recorded in the Zoological Record, 1880-1900; together with other names not included in the ‘ Nomenclator Zoologicus’ of S. H. Scudder. Com- piled (for the Zoological Society of London) by CHarztus Owen WarterHouse and edited by Davin Suarp, Editor of the Zoological Record. London, 1902. Price to Fellows, 18s.; price to the public, 20s.
These publications may be obtained at the Socrety’s OFFICE (3 Hanover Square, W.).
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
Or THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(January to April, 1907.)
January 15, 1907.
Dr. J. Rosz Braprorp, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary vead the following report on the additions that had been made to the Society’s Menagerie in November and December 1906 :—
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of November were 173 in number. Of these 105 were acquired by presentation and 23 by purchase, 35 were received on deposit, 3 in exchange, and 7 were born in the Gardens. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 177.
Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—
An adult male Mandrill (Papio maimon), the first full-sized example of this species exhibited in the Gardens, deposited on Noy. 30th.
A young female Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) trom the Niger, purchased on Novy. Ist.
A Persian Stag (Cervus maral), presented on Nov. 13th by Mr. Carl Hagenbeck.
A Kashmir Stag (Cervus cashnuriensis), presented on Noy. 22nd by H.G. the Duke of Bedford, K.G., P.Z.8.
A Collection of 47 Birds, including, among other interesting species, a Toucan (Awlacorhamphus sulcatus), new to the Collection,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1907, No. I. 1
2 ON A NEW MONKEY FROM THE ITURI FoREST. [Jan. 15,
anda Sun-Bittern (Hurypyga helias) from Venezuela, presented on Nov. 27th by Capt. A. Pam, F.Z.8.
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December were 150 in number. Of these 67 were acquired by presentation and 16 by purchase, 61 were received on deposit, 2 in exchange, and 4 were born in the Gardens. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 207.
Amongst the additions special attention may be directed to :—
A pair of Siberian Dholes (Cuon alpinus) from Thian Shan, received in exchange on Dec. 2nd, new to the Collection.
A Cape Hunting-Dog (Lycaon pictus) from South Africa, pur- chased on Dee. Ist.
An Addax Antelope (Addax naso-maculatus) from North Africa, presented by H.G. the Duke of Bedford, K.G., P.Z.S., on Dec. 18th.
A Bubaline Hartebeest (Alcelaphus bubalinus), and a hybrid between Pére David’s Deer (Hlaphurus davidianus) and the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), deposited on Dee. 29th.
A new Monkey from the Ituri Forest.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F.Z.S., exhibited a Monkey which had been obtained in the Ituri Forest, Upper Congo, during the recent Ruwenzori Expedition, and gave the following description of it :—
CERCOPITHECUS DENTI Thos.* (Plate I.)
Abstr. P. Z.S. 1907, p. 1 (Jan. 22, 1907).
A member of the campbelli-mona group, but not darkened on the posterior back and hind limbs, and with a very sharply con- trasted white belly.
Upper surface of head and neck olive-grey, the usual light frontal baud present but not conspicuous. Back dark grizzled chestnut- brown (nearest to “burnt-umber” of Ridgway); colour of rump not darker, but, on the contrary, passing gradually into the paler tone of the hips and hind legs. Under surface from chin to anus, and inner sides of limbs to wrists and ankles, clear creamy-white, very sharply defined from the darker colour, not only on the limbs, as in campbelli and others, but also along the flanks, where the white rises nearly halfway up the lateral aspect of the animal. Ears with short yellowish tufts rising from their inner surfaces. Outer sides of fore limbs deep black from elbows. Hind limbs grizzled yellowish olive, lighter than the back, down to and including the ankles, the metatarsals and toes black. Tail indistinctly blackish above at base, then dull greyish white for two-thirds its length, darkening again to black on its terminal third.
* [The complete account of the new species described in this communication appears here ; but since the name and preliminary diagnosis were published in the ‘Abstract,’ the species is distinguished by the name being underlined.—Eprror. |
SZ SIO yvealk 1.
1
Rae
Bale & Danielsson a imp.
J. Smit del.et hth.
CE RCOLL UAE Us IDIGIN TL Ie
= i
de 239 USO, JENA,
H. Goodchild, del et ith. INNOC WNC Je is US) IPSC GIM_4E US.
Huth, amp ;
1907. | ON MAMMALS FROM ANNAM. 3
Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :—
Head and body 501 mm.; tail 850; hind foot 155; ear 40.
Skull— greatest length 105 mm., basal length 75; breadth of brain-case 55; length of upper cheek-tooth series 23.
Hab. Ituri River, between Mawambi and Avakubi, Upper Congo ; alt. 8000’.
Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 7.1.2.1. Original number 184, Collected 23 October, 1906, by R. HE. Dent.
This handsome Monkey 1s most nearly allied to the W. African C. campbelli, but differs by its grizzled olive-yellowish instead of black hind limbs, the absence of black on its posterior back, its more or less greyish-white tail, and by the high and sharply defined line separating the colours of the flanks and belly .
The following papers were read :— to}
1. On a Collection of Mammals made by Dr. Vassal in
Annam. By J. Lewis Boynore, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.* [Received November 16, 1906. ] (Plate IL.7 and Text-figures 1, 2.)
The British Museum has recently acquired a most interesting set of Mammals from Annam, collected by Dr. Vassal. The collection contains examples of some twenty-five species, of which five are new to science, while several of the others add consider- ably to our knowledge (still very limited) of the fauna of the district.
Since the collections made by MM. Pierre and Mouhot over half a century ago, practically no fresh material has reached Europe from that locality. As would therefore be expected, many of the forms are undescribed, and there is little doubt that with further material many of the forms at present included under existing names will prove to be subspecifically distinct.
The collection is, perhaps, too small for any generalisation on the fauna of Annam, but its affinities seem if anything to tend towards China rather than the Matay Peninsula, and it is especially note- worthy that it differs considerably from the fauna of Siam. Lest I am misunderstood, I may as well point out that by “fauna” I am not referring to the presence or absence of certain genera, but rather to the fact that the local forms of widely spread species approximate rather to the Chinese than to the Malayan. To give some examples:—The Porcupine is Anderson’s Hystria yunnanensis, not H, groter from the Peninsula. The Petaurista is Anderson’s P. yunnanensis, and not P. lylei, mihi, from Siam. The new Zupaia described has its affinities with 7. chinensis and
* [The complete account of the new species described in this communication appears here; but since the names and preliminary diagnoses were published in the
* Abstract,’ such species are distinguished by the name being underlined.—Ep1rTor. | + For explanation of the Plate, see p. 11. 1*
4 MR. J. L. BONHOTE ON [Jan. 15,
not with 7’. ferruginea. On the other hand, the Paradoxurus is apparently identical with a form described by me from the Peninsula. Another point of interest as showing a probable double origin for this fauna, is in the occurrence at the same place of two subspecies of Sciwrus macelellandi—one, S. m. rodolphi A. M.-E., showing very obvious affinities with S. m. barbei of the Peninsula; the other, S. m. maritiémus mihi, which is in- distinguishable from the type, which came from China. It must, however, be remembered that this last is only represented by a single skin, and it might possibly have been brought down on a ship and escaped.
Lastly, attention may be called to a new species of Vycticebus, which is in many respects intermediate in its characters between Nycticebus and Loris.
As regards synonymy, I have followed my usuai custom, namely, to give the original reference and a few of the other more important ones, which, if referred to, will be found to contain a practically full synonymy.
PRESBYTES NIGRIPES (A. M.-E.).
Semnopithecus nigripes A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Arch. du Mus. WO Talo JUNIE joe Wy iol WCherAbys lelhyilng di, As So 185 Sschiny, Ess IO: p- 11 (1875); Anders. Zool. Res. p. 41 (1879).
a. 6 ad. Bali, alt. 250 m., 10th Nov., 1905.
This is an extremely fine example of this scarce species, agreeing very well with the published descriptions.
PRESBYTES sp. ? a,b. 2. Nha-trang, 30th Oct., 1905.
Two very young specimens of a species of Presbytes, unfor- tunately too young for identification.
Nycricesus pyemaus Bonh. (Plate II.)
Abstr. P. Z.S. 1907, p. 2 (Jan. 22, 1907).
Very small, about half the size of . cowcang* Bodd. The hair is wavy on the body and of a very fine silky texture. General colour of a uniform orange-rufous, showing no sign of any dark line down the back or on the head. The under parts, hands, and feet are lighter in colour and have a silvery-grey appearance. There is a bare space round the eyes, the muzzle and lips are white, and a white stripe runs up from the nose between the eyes to end abruptly on the forehead. The ears are of moderate size, uniformly rounded, and very sparsely covered with hairs. The tail is a mere stump.
The skull in its general outline agrees fairly well with that of NV. c. cinereus from Cochin China, although it is, of course, very much smaller. In its main characters also it shows no very
* Messrs. Stone and Rehn have pointed out (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1902, p. 138) that the name tardigradus belongs to the Slender Loris “ L. gracilis,” and
that therefore Boddaert’s name must stand for the Slow Loris usually known as N. tardigradus, ,
1907, | MAMMALS FROM ANNAM. 9)
distinctive points. The molars, however, are conspicuously different, and enable this species to be easily diagnosed. In AV. cinereus the first molar is the largest, and the last or third molar is small and almost quadrilateral in shape. In the present species, however, the second molar is the largest, while the third molar is triangular in outline and not very much smaller than the first molar. In the lower jaw similar conditions obtain, the three molars are all subequal, the third being slightly the largest, whereas in iV. cinereus the last molar in the lower jaw is very markedly smaller than either of the other two.
Dimensions of type from skin (approx.). Head and body 190 mm.; tail 10.
Text-fig. 1. Text-fig. 2.
Text-fig. 1.—Palatal view of skull of Nycticebus pygmeus. Text-fig. 2.—Lateral view of skull of Nycticebus pygmeus.
Skull. Greatest length 46 mm.; basal length 38; palatal length 17-5; zygomatic breadth 27; interorbital breadth 3; greatest breadth of brain-case 25; length from palate to lower margin of foramen magnum 17:5; breadth of basioccipital at its anterior end 3°7; length of molar series 14.
Hab. Nha-trang, Annam.
Type. B.M. 6.11.6.2. 3. Collected by’ Dr. Vassal on the 13th Nov., 1905.
The small size and peculiar character of the teeth will prevent this species from being confounded with any others at present known to exist. Only a single specimen (the type) has been sent, which is quite adult but not old. It may be noted that in some respects the teeth tend to approach those in Loris, in which the second upper molar is larger than the first. In the shape of the premaxilla also the present species shows a tendency, albeit very slight, to approach Loris by showing its flat surface laterally instead of anteriorly. Externally the blaze between the eyes and its small size are features belonging to Loris, but in the length of its limbs and general build it is a true Vycticebus.
[=r]
MR. J. L, BONHOTE ON [Jan. 15,
FELIS sp. ?
a. Flat skin with no data of a Cat belonging apparently to the Felis bengalensis group.
VIVERRA MEGASPILA Blyth.
Viverra megaspila Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxx. p. 331 (1862).
a. Nambon, Annam.
A fine adult specimen with well-marked and clear-cut spots.
VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS (Gimel.).
Viverra malaccensis Gmel., Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 92 (1788); Gray, P.Z.S8. 1861, p. 136.
Viverricula malaccensis (Gmel.), Bonhote, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 7, vol. 1. p. 118 (1898).
a. Imm. No data.
PARADOXURUS MINOR Bonh.
Paradoxurus minor Bonh. Fasci. Mal., Zool. i. p. 9 (19038).
a,b. 9 imm. Bali, Annam, 250 m., 10th Nov., 1905.
These are both very young specimens, which agree closely with the type.
HERPESTES EXILIs Gerv.
Herpestes exilis Gerv. Zool. de la Bonite, p. 32 (1841); Gray, P.Z.8. 1864, p. 555.
Herpestes javanicus (Geoft.), Anders. Zool. Res. p. 185 (1879).
Herpestes rutilus Gray, P.Z.8. 1861, p. 136.
Calogale rutilus Gray, P.Z.S. 1864, p. 561.
a,b. 9. Nha-trang, 26th Dec., 1905.
I have carefully compared these specimens with some from Siam and others from Cochin China, among them Gray’s type of H. rutilus. The Cochin China and Annam specimens are all very like each other, and differ in their much redder colour from Siamese specimens. They also differ in their much deeper colour from Javan specimens. Gervais’s type of H. ewilis came from Cochin China, and as his description agrees fairly well with these fresh specimens, his name of H. exilis, which antedates Gray’s, must stand.
The skulls of H. emilis, although very similar to those from Siam and Java, are larger and more robust. The Siamese animal is apparently intermediate between H. birmanicus and H. ewilis.
The following is a description of the present specimens :— General colour rufous, punctulated with white. Each hai is black, with three or four buff or rufous annulations. The distal annulations and generally the tip of each hair are rufous, while along the centre of the back, the head, cheeks, and tail these rufous annulations are deeper in colour and more marked, causing the animal to appear quite red along those areas. The under parts are more sparsely covered with hairs and the annulations
1907.] MAMMALS FROM ANNAM. iG yellowish rather than rufous, except under the chin and at the root of the tail. The hairs of the tail, more especially under- neath and at the sides, have long rufous tips.
Dimensions (of Nha-trang specimen, ad. 2 in flesh). Head and body 364 mm.; tail 284; ear 28.
Skull. Greatest length 78 mm.; basal length 75; zygomatic breadth 39; palatal length 41; greatest diameter of carnassial 8.
HELIcTIs PIERREI Bonh.
Helictis pierrei Bonhote, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xii. p. 592 (1903).
a. Imm. Nha-trang, Annam.
6b. Imm. skull only.
The single skin and skull are too immature to show the dis- tinctive characters to any marked extent.
TuPAIA Concotor Bonh. Abstr. P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 2 (Jan. 22, 1907).
Similar in general colouring to Zupaia belangeri. The whole of the upper parts are of a uniform grizzled greyish-green, each hair being dark at its base and having one or more buff annulations and a dark tip. One of the most distinctive features is the absence of the neck-stripe, so universal among the other species of this genus. An extremely faint trace of it only is to be made out on the shoulders, but so faint is it that unless special search be made it is liable to be overlooked. The tail, which is markedly distichous, is concolorous with the upper parts, and extremely thick and bushy. The under parts are somewhat sparsely clothed with hair; the chin, throat, and breast are uniformly yellow, while on the other portions the hairs are annulated as on the upper parts. The bases of the hairs on the under side of the tail are light.
Skull. In its general character resembles that of 7’. belangeri; it is, however, slightly larger and witha longer and narrower snout, in other respects it does not show any marked features.
Dimensions of type (from skin). Head and body 220 mm. ; tail 140; ear 15; hind foot 45.
Skull. Greatest length 54 mm.; basal length 47; zygomatic breadth 29; palatal length 27; breadth of skull immediately behind postorbital processes 17.
Type. B.M. 6.11.6.3. o ad. Collected by Dr. Vassal, 22nd March, 1906.
Hab. Annam.
Although very closely allied to Tupaia belangeri this species may easily be distinguished by its larger size, much thicker tail, and the absence of the light neck-stripe. Two specimens agreeing in allrespects were brought back by Dr. Vassal. Tupaia chinensis, described by Dr. Anderson from Yunnan and which is found in Siam, is rather smaller than 7’. belangeri and consequently quite distinct from the present form.
8 MR. J. L. BONHOTE ON [Jan. 15,
DENDROGALE FRENATA Gray.
Tupaia frenata Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. vi. p. 217 (1860).
Dendrogalefrenata Anders. Zool. Res. p.110, pl. 7. figs. 20, 21(1879).
a, 0.
Two very typical examples.
CYNOPTERUS SPHINX (Vahl).
Vespertilio sphina Vahl, Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, Ate Band, lste Heft, p. 123 (1797).
Cynopterus sphinw (Vahi), Bonh. P. Z. 8. 1902, vol. i. p. 38; id. Fasci. Mal., Zool. pt. i. p. 14 (1903).
a. 6. Nha-trang, Annam, 13th Nov., 1905.
ScoroPpHiLus KUHLII Leach.
Scotophilus kuhli Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 71 (1822).
a,b. $. Nha-trang, 10th Oct., 1905.
PETAURISTA YUNNANENSIS (Anders.). j
Pteromys yunnanensis Anders. Zool. Res. p. 282, pl. xxi. (1879).
a. 6 ad. Bali, Annam, 150 m., 10th Nov., 1905.
This individual agrees very well with Dr. Anderson’s description and plate (quoted above), and I have no alternative but to place it under his name. At the same time it should be noted that the typical locality of P. ywananensis is considerably to the north and that another form of this same species, ?. lylei mihi, is found in Siam. Jt would therefore appear as if the present race was in reality a Chinese form and that Annam and Yunnan form its western limit. Except for the parachute the hairs of the whole of the back in this individual are tipped with white, but not sufficiently so as to conceal the chestnut ground-colour.
P. lylei is much darker in general coloration than this species and the anterior portion of the outer side of the ear is a bright and pure chestnut.
P. yunnanensis and P. lylei belong to a large group, of which there are many geographical forms. Until, however, the group is worked out as a whole, it is best to retain them under binomial names, but it should be borne in mind that they are merely geographical forms of a large and widely distributed species.
ScIURUS GRISEIMANUS A. M.-E.
Sciurus griseemanus A. M.-Edw. Rev. Zool. 1867, p. 195; Bonh, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. vil. p. 274 (1901).
a-d.3 3, 9. Nha-trang, Annam, 26th Dec., 1905.
e. Nha-trang, Annam, Nov. 1905.
f-k. 33,2¢. Hoah Khat, Annam, 26th Dec., 1905.
In. 26, 9. Ninh Hoa, 25th Dec., 1905.
o-p. 6. Bali, Annam, 250 m. alt., 26th Dec., 1905.
The present species and S’. lewcopus* of Gray have hitherto been confounded and considered as one and the same species. The
* Macrowus leucopus Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, xx. p. 282 (1867).
1907. | MAMMALS FROM ANNAM. 9
present series, however, shows that they are really quite good and distinct species. The most obvious difference is in the colour of the under parts. In S. griseémanus they are deep chestnut and the line of demarcation between the upper and under parts is sharply divided. In S. leweopus, on the other hand, the colour of the under parts is of a pale rufous buff, which shades gradually into the grizzled grey of the back. M. Milne-Edwards in his original description of S. griseimanus distinctly states that the colour of the under parts is deep chestnut, though females and young males are sometimes considerably lighter. This enables us to fix M. Milne-Edwards’s name on the chestnut-bellied form with- out hesitation. In the present series the colour of the under parts is very deep chestnut and shows but little variation ; the two examples from Bali, at an altitude of 250 metres, are, how- ever, much lighter below, and it may be that these lighter individuals represent a mountain race of S. griseimanus, but our material is at present too scanty to settle that question.
S. leucopus differs still further from S. grisetmanus in the annulations on the hairs of the back being yellower and not of such a clear grey, thus giving the animal a darker appearance. The colour of the under parts also extends over the outer sides of the limbs and is especially noticeable on the thighs.
SCIURUS LEUCOPUS FUMIGATUS* Bonh.
Abstr. P.Z.S. 1907, p. 2 (Jan. 22, 1907).
General colour above similar to that of S. lewcopus, but darker (see preceding species). Hach hair is very dark, with three or four yellowish annulations. The tail, which is indistinctly barred, is similar in colour to the body, but “4he amnulations are of a slightly deeper tint. Hands and feet dirty yellowish white grizzled with darker. Under parts and inner sides of the limbs “pale reddish buff, with the exception of the chin and throat which are grizzled like the back.
The skulls available are so imperfect that a description 1s not possible.
Dimensions of type (from skin). Head and body 190 mum. ; tail 175; ear 17; hind foot 52.
Hab. Ninh Hoa, Annam.
Type. B.M. 6.11.6.25. Collected on the 10th Nov., 1905, by Dr. Vassal.
This species is easily distinguished from S. lewcopus typicus by its darker colour above, grizzled hands and feet, and by the outer sides of the limbs being similar in colour to the rest of the upper parts. Whereas the typical .S. lewcopus is greyer, the outer sides of the limbs are buff, and the hands and feet pure yellowish white.
ScIURUS MACGLELLANDI MARITIMUS Bonh.
Sciurus macelellandi maritimus Bonh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. iv. p. 51 (1899). * Since the reading of this paper it has been pointed out to me that the name
“< fumigatus ” 1s preoccupied, haying been used by Gray in 1867. I therefore propose to rename this squirrel Sciwrus vassali.
10 MR. J. L. BONHOTE ON [Jan. 15,
a. &. One specimen, 10th Nov., 1905.
A single example of this Chinese race has been brought back ; it resembles the type closely and in all respects. The occurrence of this form in Annam is certainly surprising; it may, however,
pee aoe , prove to range along the whole S. Chinese coast, while S. rodolphi inhabits the higher ground; on the other hand it might have been brought over on a ship and escaped.
SCIURUS MACCLELLANDI RODOLPHI A. M.-H.
Seiurus rodolphi A. Milne-Kdwards, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. xix. p. 227 (1867); id. Rech. Mamm. p. 162 (1871).
Sciurus macclellandi rodolphi A. M.-E., Bonh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. iv. p. 54 (1899).
a-c. Three specimens.
These are very typical specimens. The light stripes are of the same width throughout, and have a tendency to a deeper and more rufous tinge on their anterior portion. The median dark stripe tends to become divided down the centre by a brownish grizzled stripe; the length and extent of this latter stripe seem to be very variable.
FUNAMBULUS BERDMOREI (Blyth).
Sciurus berdmorei Blyth, J. A.S. B. xvii. p. 63 (1849); Anders. Zool. Res. p. 261 (1879).
Funambulus berdmoret (Blyth), Bonh, P. Z. 8. 1901, vol. i. p. 56.
a, b. Bali, Annam, 10th Nov., 1905.
S. mouhoti Gray was merely described on a seasonal form of this species, as I have already pointed out.
FUNAMBULUS RUFIGENIS FUScUS Bonh.
Abstr. P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 2 (Jan. 22, 1907).
Similar to /. rufigenis typicus, but the general tone of colour very much deeper. Colour above very dark brown, finely grizzled with buff. The whole of the thighs suffused with deep chestnut, which is not the case in the typical form. Sides of face chestnut, rather deeper in tint than in the typical form, and the same may be said of the chestnut on the under side of the tail. Remainder of under parts creamy white.
The skull appears to be of a rather stouter build, but without a good series it would be unwise to lay stress on this fact.
Dimensions of type (from skin). Head and body 190 mm.; tail (broken) 150; ear 12°5; hind foot 43.
Hab. Bali, Annam, 250 m. alt.
Type. B.M. 6.11.6.28. Collected by Dr. Vassal on the 10th Nov., 1905.
The much darker general colour and the rufous tinge on the outer sides of the thighs form good distinctive characters by which this species may be easily distinguished from the typical race.
Ruizomys pRuiNosus Blyth. Rhizomys pruinesus Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xx. p. 519 (1851); id.
1907. | MAMMALS FROM ANNAM, 11
Cat. Mamim. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 122 (1863); Anders. Zool. Res. p. 325 (1879).
a. Plateau of the Lung Brau, 1300 m., 30th Oct., 1905.
This specimen is only a flat skin without a skull; Dr. Vassal notes that it is “‘not rare” in Annam.
Hysrrix yYUNNANENSIS Anders.
Hystrix yunnanensis Anders. Zool. Res. p. 332 (1879).
a. 2 imm. Ninh Hoa, 25th Dec., 1905.
This is a very young specimen, but has a well- developed nuchal crest. The skull in its general proportions agrees with Dr. Anderson’s description. The external characters, however, agree well with Swinhoe’s /7. swheristata, and, in fact, the only difference between these two species is to be found in the skulls. In his original description Swinhoe states that the skull of . suberistata is indistinguishable from that of MH. hodgsoni Gray, which, of course, is quite distinct from Anderson’s species. Unfortunately there are no specimens from China in the British Museum which would enable us to determine definitely whether there be two Crested Porcupines in China, or whether Anderson’s and Swinhoe’s species are in reality one and the same.
Lepus vAssati Thos. Lepus vassali Thos. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xvi. p. 425 (1906). 9. Nha-trang, Annam, 25th Dec., 1905. Mr. Thomas having recently described this specimen, I need only refer those interested to the paper quoted above.
TRAGULUS KANCHIL AFFINIS Gray. Tragulus affinis Gray, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 138. Tragulus kanchil pierret Bouh. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi. p. 293 (1903, 1st March). a-c. 3. Nha-trang, 22nd March, 1906. aie Specimens agree in all respects with my description of . k. pierret quoted “above. I have used Gray’s name for this Hess in preference to my own, as Mr. Miller has pointed out to me that Gray’s 7’. affinis was chiefly based on specimens from Cochin China; and Mr. Miller having, previously to my paper, described the Peninsula form under the name 7’. ravus, Gray’s T. affinis became ipso facto restricted to the race from Cochin China: with this finding I quite agree.
MANIS JAVANICA.
Manis javanica Desm. Mamm. p. 377 (1820); Anders. Zool. Res. p. 352 (1879).
a. Dang-trang, near Nha-trang, 25th Dec., 1905.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Nycticebus pygmeus, p. 4.
12 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE (Jan. 15,
2. On the * Bleating” or “ Drumming” of the Snipe 8 g P (Gallinago celestis). By P. H. Baur, B.A., F.Z.8. [Received November 20, 1906. | (Text-figures 3-9.)
This subject has been much discussed, but the interest taken in it seems rather to have waned during the latter years. I think there- fore it would be profitable to inquire once more into this strange phenomenon, especially as many points require elucidation, in the explanation of which authorities differ considerably. I believe it is well known to all of us that during the breeding-season our Common Snipe performs certain aerial evolutions, producing at the same time a mysterious sound, called in various parts of the country bleating, humming, drumming, or whirring, ‘“‘ Meckern” in Ger- many, while in parts of Scotland the popular name of the bird is ‘* Heather Bleater,” and in France “ Chévre volant.” The process is Shortly as follows :—The bird is seen to fly straight up to a height of from 60-100 feet, then, turning, to spread its tail, close its wings, and drop to within 20-30 feet of the ground, producing at the same time this mysterious sound, which has puzzled observers so. As to the cause of it many theories have been put forward by scientific ornithologists, sportsmen, and foresters. We may group the evidence for these theories under four heads :—
I. The sound is produced by the vocal organs. II. The sound is produced by the rectrices of the tail, which I hope to be able to prove is correct. Il. The sound is produced by the action of the primaries of the wing. IV. The sound is produced by the combined action of the wings and tail (maintained by a few observers).
I. The first evidence in favour of this theory which I can find is an article by Débel (‘Jiiger Practica,’ 1783, pt. i. p. 73), who says that the Snipe produces at night-time, while sitting on the ground in a marsh or close to water, a noise which the ignorant would mistake for the bleating of a young goat.
Bechstein, in 1789 (Naturgesch. Deutsch. 2nd ed. vol. iv. p. 190), maintains “that the Snipe makes its plaintive ery, like a goat bleating, with its beak and not, as has been lately affirmed, with its wings.” He adduces evidence of birds bleating whilst perched on the tops of trees.
Hintz (‘ Naumannia,’ 1854, p. 290), from observations made from 1816-19, believes the sound is made by the bill. He heard Snipe “bleating” whilst sitting on top of withered oak-trees, first uttering their call-note “ pecka pecka,” and then bleating.
Zoppritz (Ornith. Centralblatt, Nov. 1880) seems to be very certain of the accuracy of his observation, for he writes :—‘ Two years ago I published an article on this subject in a sporting journal, wherein I offered to pay a fine of 500 marks to the treasury of the Allgemeine Deutsche Jagd-schutz-verein if three umpires appointed by the Verein publicly declared that they were convinced
1907. ] ‘‘BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 13
that Snipe produced their bleating notes, not through the vocal organs, but by means of their wings, with or without help of their tail-feathers.” Nobody seems to have accepted the offer, and we understand Herr Zéppritz kept his 500 marks. Again, we find in the same paper :—‘ Anyone with a knowledge of mechanics or physics, if he sufficiently examine a dead Snipe, must be convinced that so small a bird, with wing- and tail-feathers so comparatively weak, cannot possibly produce sounds with them, which are at such a distance so sharply accentuated. Hence [indulge the hope that the adherents of the wing and tail theories will now with- draw their opinions and acknowledge that to err is human.”
Lastly, in Seebohm’s ‘ British Birds,’ vol. ii. p. 244 (1885), we find the following:—‘‘T have listened to the drumming of the Snipe scores of times with the express purpose of discovering the mode in which the sound is produced, but must confess myself completely puzzled. Arguing from analogy, I should say it was produced by the vocal organs, and is analogous to the trill of the Stints and other Sandpipers. The fact that it appears to begin the instant the bird begins to descend induces me to think that, after allowance is made for the time it takes for sound to travel, it must really begin before the descent, whilst the bird is not moving very rapidly.”
Of such is the evidence with which we have to deal. At the present day I trust this theory has but few adherents. Pralle seems to have disposed of it entirely by a note recorded in ‘ Nau- mannia’ (1852, pt. 1. p. 25), that on 24th March, 1846, he heard the Snipe utter its note, “ gick-jack, gick-jack,” while bleating.
If. That such a sound could be produced by such feeble instru- ments as the rectrices seems to have been foreshadowed by Naumann, curiously enough by a misprint of the word “tail” for ‘“‘ wing-feathers ” (‘ Federwild-jagd,’ von Louis Liegler, Hannover, 1846, p. 174) :—“ It is not hard with sharp eyes (still more with field-glasses) to observe the quivering motion of the tips of the tail-feathers [the italics are my own] during each downward and upward flight through the air, sufficient to convince one that the sound is thus produced, and not from the throat of the bird. ‘The sound, or at least a similar one, can be produced if one take the primaries of certain (but not too small) birds and fasten them to the end of a long cane, and strikes with this, as with a sword, ina draught of air.”
To which Jickel (‘ Naumannia,’ 1855, pp. 112, 113) replies and casts doubt on Naumann’s theory (or, rather, mistake) of the sound being produced by tail-feathers.
In 1858 Mr. Wolley communicated a paper by Mr. Meves, of Stockholm (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., April 1858, p. 199), wherein Mr. Meves, in consequence of the misprint already quoted, was led in 1856 to make experiments with the rectrices of G. celestis.
He remarked with surprise “that the humming sound could never be produced whilst the bird was flying upwards, at which time the tail is closed; but only when it was casting itself downwards in a slanting direction, with the tail strongly spread out.”
14 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE (Jan. 15,
He then examined the tail-feathers of our common species more closely and found “the jist (outer feather) especially very peculiarly constructed ; the shaft uncommonly stiff, sabre-shaped. The rays of the web stro a bound together and very long, the longest reaching nearly ? of the whole ‘length of the web, like the str ings of a musical instrument. If one blows from the outer side upon the broad web it comes into vibration, and a sound is heard, which, though fainter, resembles very closely the well-known neigh.” He then fastened the outer or first feather with fine thread to a piece of steel wire and fixed it to a 4-foot stick, and found if he drew this with the outer edge of the feather through the air, at the same time making shaking motions of the arm to represent the shivering of the wings during flight, he was able to produce the neighirg sound with astonishing exactness. In bringing the matter before the Zoological Society Mr. Wolley confirmed Meves’s experiments. These experiments I hope to explain more fully anon.
John Hancock, in 1875, in the ‘ Birds of Northumberland and Durham,’ vol. vi. pp. 105-113, severely criticises Meves’s theory and experiments.
I cannot quote his article at length, for it is a very long one. He argues, from the diversity of structure exhibited by the rectrices of various species of Snipe, that they cannot be musical instruments. He failed to produce the neighing sound of a Snipe by Meves’s experiment, but admits “‘ when the web of almost any firm feather is blown upon a low vibrating sound is produced ; and such a sound is stronger when a tail-feather of the Common Snipe is used, arising apparently from the fact that the inner web is wide and firm ; but the sound is so low that it cannot be heard many yards off.”
Later: ‘The sound is audible at a great distance, even when the bird has risen high into the air. No sound that could be produced under any circumstances by such feeble instruments as the lateral tail-feathers of the Snipe, instruments not larger than the wings of a Dragonfly, could be heard at any considerable distance. And it is scarcely to be doubted by anyone that the wings of a Snipe vibrating rapidly will produce some sound louder than any that could be made by a pair of small tail-feathers of a bird rushing downward through the air.”
Prof. Altum (‘Ornithologisches Centralblatt,’ Oct. 1880) satisfied himself that he could produce the sound with the lateral tail- feathers. He, however, quotes “two adverse cases ” :—
(1) A Snipe was observed “ bleating” as it sat, or rather stood,
on an elevation.
(2) A certain Alex Schmidt winged a Snipe which, with tail stiffly expanded, began to bleat in his hand, the air blowing through the web of the feathers, the wings being held close to the bird’s side. Every time the bird was moved rapidly against the wind his object was attained.
Tt is to be noted that in both cases a strong wind was noticed
to be blowing. ‘That these two cases are easily explicable I hope to adduce evidence later on.
1907. | ‘‘BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 15
In answer to this paper, von Zoppritz (Ornith. Centralblatt, Nov. 1880) disputes Altum’s tail-theory, giving four reasons, which JI will not here quote*.
III. The wing-theory has had the greatest number of adherents.
Macgillivray in 1840 (‘ British Birds,’ vol. iv. p. 372) expresses his conviction that this is the case. Sir Wm. Jardine, in the ‘Naturalist’s Library’ (vol. xxvi. Ornithology, p. 180), says: ‘‘The sound is never heard, except m the downward flight, and when the wings are in rapid and quivering motion. ‘Their resistance to the air without doubt causes the noise. Dr. Saxby (‘ Birds of Shetland, p. 204) expresses his conviction that ‘ drumming is produced by the vibrations of the wings alone.’ ”
Naumann, in the article already quoted, and Zoppritz (Ornith. Centralblatt, Nov. 1880) wrote in favour of it in Germany.
John Hancock, whom I have already quoted, agrees in the main with what Mr. J. E. Harting (‘ Essays on Sport and Natural History,’ pp. 284 ef seq.) has written :—‘‘ From the peculiar vibration of the wings in the downward descent of the bird, it would appear that the primaries, instead of firmly overlapping each other, are, in the act of humming, turned broadside in the air, which is thus able to play across the inner web of each, and so to impart to each a vibratory motion and consequent sound—faint indeed in the case of a single feather, but audible enough when an entire wing is acted upon. Whether this be the true expla- nation of the singular sound, it is, of course, not easy to prove conclusively ; but it has certainly been accepted as such by many naturalists in England, who are the more inclined to adopt this view from having observed Peewits, Rooks, Gulls, and other birds, with tails very different from that of a Snipe, make an analogous sound while falling through the air.” That Mr. Harting was partially successful in producing the bleat artificially is evident, for he has ‘“‘ succeeded beyond expectation in producing a sound like the ‘ humming’ of the Snipe.” Again: “ But any of the primary wing-feathers will give forth a faint sound, which may be increased in proportion to the number of them passed through the air at once.” But he finds that the tail-feathers when fastened into a switch do not occupy the position they do naturally in the bird’s tail, because they are drawn through the air at right angles to the direction of flight, ‘‘in a position which is occupied naturally by the primaries, but unnaturally by the tail, and hence it must be the primaries (collectively) which produce the sound in nature. In this our sense of hearing is assisted by the sense of sight, for a perceptible vibration of the quill-feathers is observed every time the bird descends.”
IV. Two observers maintain that the sound is produced by the agency of both the wing- and tail-feathers. H. Gadumer (‘ Naumannia,’ 1853, pp. 411-413) watched a bird
* (Mr. F. W. Headley (° Nature’, vol. Ixx. p. 103, 1904) supported the theory that the drumming was produced by the outermost tail-feathers, and adduced an expe- riment by which the sound could be produced artificially. |—Ep. P. Z.S.
16 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE (Jan. 15,
bleating, with a good field-glass. “The air pressing between the wings and the tail (a natural parachute) causes all the feathers of the tail and wings to vibrate and gives rise to the bleating sound —which is modified by stronger or weaker vibrations.”
Text-fig. 5.
a. Snipe bleating, showing characteristic position. b. Formation of tail as ordinarily held in flight.
1907. ] ‘““BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 17
Capt. W. V. Legge, in his appendix to the ‘ Birds of Ceylon,’ expresses the opinion that the sound is produced by the combined action of the wings and tail.
I have dwelt on the literature for some length, in order that one may review the evidence adduced by the adherents of the different theories.
In the summer of 1904, in the Fens of Cambridgeshire, I began to observe the Snipe in the act of bleating through a strong prism binocular, I had read none of the literature on the subject, and so had no preconceived ideas. The observations I made then I have had ample opportunities of confirming.
I find that ordinarily the bird flies up to a height of 60-100 feet above ground, in windy weather going higher, with its tail held in the ordinary position of flight (text-fig. 3, 6), then, turning, it spreads its tail out like a fan, the two outer tail-feathers being spread out well in front of the other twelve and held firmly there (text-fig. 3,a). Immediately the bird begins to descend the bleat is heard (making due allowance for the time it takes for sound to travel). While descending the bird makes tremulous motions with its wings from the radio-carpal joint. The descent is made from 30-40 feet and occupies 2-3 secs., the bleat lasting the same time. The bird does not drop head foremost through space, but at an angle of from 45°-60° with the horizon. The tail as a whole is not vibrated, but it is quite easy to see the two outer tail-feathers with a strong glass vibrating to such an extent that their terminal portions become indistinguishable. Snipe begin to bleat in March, but if the weather is mild, in February, and continue to the end of May, though I heard one last year in Sutherland still bleating on June 25th.
At the beginning of the breeding-season they may be seen bleating in pairs; but later on, when the hen is sitting, the cock bird may be seen performing alone over the marsh where the nest is placed. Under favourable conditions many bleat together, circling round the same spot for hours. On April 12th of last year, I had the good fortune to hear no less than twelve birds bleating together, a concert which they kept up all through the night. Every now and again, as if by common consent, there would be a lull, and all the birds would settle, but directly one began again ali the rest immediately joined in the chorus.
Snipe bleat best in the early morning and in the evening, especially when the weather is dull and damp. It may be of interest to note that last spring I saw a specimen of the melanistic variety (Sabine’s Snipe) bleating.
Once having convinced myself that the two outer tail-feathers are invariably spread out beyond the others, a fact which is now obvious to me with the unaided eye, it seemed to me that the two outer tail-feathers must be the active agents in causing the bleat. I accordingly procured several tails of the Common Snipe, and taking the two outer tail-feathers, pierced the shaft with a pin,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1907, No. II, 2,
18 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
to which I firmly bound it with cotton and inserted the feathers into a cork at the end of a stick some six inches long. A hole is bored at the other end of the stick and a long string attached. This is whirled round the observer’s head and a typical bleat is produced. The second outer tail-feathers (sixth pair) produce a fainter sound, though this varies much in individual tails, the others make no sound at all.
Text-fig. 4,
Varieties of outer tail-fegthers of Gallinago celestis. (Natural size.)
1907.] ‘““BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 19
In order to ensure the success of the experiment it is necessary (1) that the feathers be placed so that the narrow edge, the outer web, shall encounter the resistance of the air; (2) that the feather be firmly bound to the pin, so that it cannot turn on its support ; (3) that the string be tied to one end of the stick, so that the long axis of the stick makes an angle with the direction of the string, if I may so put it, so that a vibratory motion is imparted to the stick as a whole, thus simulating the tremulous motion of the Snipe’s wings during the descent; (4) lastly, that the apparatus be moved at a uniform rate and not too fast.
It is then found that after a period of silence the feathers begin to vibrate : first, the long-drawn-out note, which I may represent as “whti whtutu,” becomes gradually audible, it is then succeeded by a series of high and low notes ‘ bah-bah-ah-ah,” resembling the bleat of a young goat, lasting 3-5 secs., followed by a pause of equal length. This is repeated as long as the apparatus is revolving at a uniform rate. It is found that the individual tail- feathers, of which I collected a good number during the winter, vary considerably both in size, breadth, and markings, and, as might be expected, the note produced varies according to their physical characteristics. Thus a long narrow feather produces a sound of far higher pitch than a broader one of the same length (vide text-fig. 4). This fact I have noted when comparing the sound made by several birds when performing the nuptial evo- lutions over their breeding-grounds. To ascertain which part of the feather is essential in the production of the sound, I have cut off the narrow outer web, without altering the bleat in any way ; but if the barbs of the inner web be so disarranged that there is a break in their continuity, the web ceases to vibrate, and no sound is produced. That the vibration of the inner web is the active causative agent may be seen by the following simple experiments :—The feathers are attached to a cork, with the outer web held away from the observer, so that the narrow outer web shall cleave the resistance of the air. Thus affixed they are held out of the window of a train, or while riding a bicycle. As the resistance of the air is encountered the inner web begins to vibrate, slowly at first, but as the train gains speed, so rapidly that its outline is entirely lost, and it becomes a blurr; a low humming sound is at first heard, which soon reaches the typical pitch of the bleat. When the train has reached the speed of some 20 miles an hour, the whole feather will vibrate on the pin. If the feathers are at all loose on their pins it 1s curious to observe how they will always turn round so that the narrow outer edge encounters the resistance of the air. Furthermore, if the feathers be damped, they appear to act better, thus explaining, perhaps, why Snipe are found to be lable to bleat in damp weather. I
-think this simple experiment readily explains away the ‘“ adverse eases ” of Prof. Altum (‘ Ornithologisches Centralblatt,’ Oct. 1880) already mentioned.
That the bens bleat as well as the cocks is now, I suppose, a well-known fact (cf. von Preen, ‘ Naumannia,’ 1856, pp. 426, 427,
O*¥
rai
20 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
and Meveg, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 200). I have observed it on several occasions myself. In the summer of 1902 I found four newly hatched Snipe in a patch inhabited by only a single pair; while lying concealed in the neighbourhood I observed repeatedly both old birds drumming above me. From the similarity of
Text-fig. 5.
a. Dorsal view of musculature of tail of Snipe. C=levator coccygis. - D=pygostyle. E=fused spines of caudal vertebre.
A=slip of m. ilio-coccygeus to outer rectrix. B=m. ilio-coccygeus.
b. Ventral view of musculature of tail of Snipe.
D=depressor coccygis.
A=m. pubococcygeus ext. K=pygostyle.
B=m. pubococcygeus. C=m. caud. ilio-femoralis.
structure of the tail-feathers in both sexes, a fact which I have ascertained by dissection, one would infer that both sexes drummed. I cannot, however, agree with Meves that “as the feathers of the hen are generally less than those of the cock bird, the noise also made by them is not so deep as in the other case ”
1907. | “‘ BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 21
(op. cit. p. 200). I can find no difference either in the length of the feathers or in the intensity of the sound produced by the feathers of either sex. I have received a letter from Mr. 8. A. Buturlin, in which he says that in 1905, on the Kolyma Delta, he frequently observed both sexes of the eastern representative of our species (Gallinago raddit) drumming.
Since the two outer feathers are extended beyond the other twelve during the descent, as I have described, I sought to find by dissection a mechanism by which this might be produced. On examining the tail of a freshly-killed bird, it is quite easy, by spreading out the tail, to make it assume the arrangement shown (text-fig. 3). I was unable, however, to find any special muscle peculiar to the species controlling the outer two tail-feathers. The muscle pubococcygeus ext. (text-fig. 5, 6) is inserted into the base of the shaft of the outer two tail-feathers, and is quite capable of performing this function. This muscle is to be found equally well developed in the other species of Plovers and Waders which IT examined. The nomenclature of the muscular system of the tail is that of Gadow in Bronn’s ‘ Thier- Reich.’
I have tried the same experiments as I have just described with the primaries from the wing of the Snipe, and was not able to produce any more sound with them than with others taken from other kinds of Waders, Pigeons, &e. There seems to have existed an opinion at one time that the bird produces two sounds, one with the wings and the other with the tail, the former being known as humming or drumming, and the latter whirring or bleating, produced while the bird is on the ground (cf. ‘ Zoologist,’ 1881, p. 212, and 1846, p. 1501). I cannot say that this agrees with my own experiences.
An Hxamination of the Structure of the Tail of Gallinago ccelestis (text-figs. 6, A, and 7).
The normal number of feathers in the tail of this species is 14. It could hardly fail to strike the observer, on examining the tail, that the outer two differ considerably from the rest. Firstly, they are lighter in colour and their texture is firmer. On closer examination the shaft is seen to be strong and firm, presenting a decided outward curve towards its lower third. The outer web is narrow, and formed of stiff rami, which can easily be separated. The inner web, on the other hand, is extremely broad, being six times as broad as the outer, and formed of long stiff rami, of which some reach quite three-fourths the whole length of the feather, making a very acute angle at their insertion with the stem (text- fig. 6). The individual rami adhere firmly to one another, and can with difficulty be separated. These are provided with two well-developed rows of radii, the distal and the proximal rows (text-fig. 7, B), the former are twice the length of the latter. I must here express my great indebtedness to Mr. W. P. Pycraft, who has allowed me to make full use of his excellent paper, on
Zo MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
“The Interlocking of the Barbs of Feathers” (‘ Natural Science,’ vol. ii, No. 19, Sept. 1893), and from which the illustration (text- fig. 7, A) is copied. Under the microscope the distal row is seen
Text-fig. 6.
A. Half of tail of Gallinago celestis from without inwards left to right. B. Half of tail of G. delicata from without inwards left to right. C. Half of tail of G. gallinula.
to be well provided with hamuli and cilia (text-fig. 7, B). The hamuli deserve attention (text-fig. 7, C), since I believe them to
1907. ] ‘“BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 23
Text-fig. 7.
> 3 3 > ; \ ll MIE Wii) Y , ij py yp he Y) gr
H]
WI
x
Wr hamuli
|
A. Section of two rami of a feather showing interlocking of distal and proximal radii. (After W. P. Pycraft.)
B. Ramus of Gallinago celestis, showing proximal and distal rows of radii.
C. Distal radius of G. celestis. D. Proximal radius.
K. Distal radius of middle tail-feathers of G. celestis.
24. MR. P. H, BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
be the essential factor in producing the bleat, in that they hold the stiff rami together like the strings of a harp. They are seven or eight in number, a number in excess of any other species of Snipe, and are well-formed, possessing a well-hooked terminal portion, which interlocks with the upturned edge of the radi of the proximal row (text-fig. 7, A & D). The outer web is formed of stiff rami, which possess rudimentary radii unprovided with hooklets.
Of the remaining feathers, the sixth pair most nearly approaches our type feather in structure (text-fig. 6, A). The shaft is, however, not so strong, the outer web is broader, the inner narrower, and the rami are not so long, nor do they form such an acute angle with the stem (text-fig. 6,A). The hamuli are fivein number and not so well-formed, and, as I have said before, the sound produced by the vibration of the inner web of these feathers cannot compare in intensity with that produced by the outer pair. Thus the outer web becomes gradually broader, the inner gradually narrower as we reach the central tail-feathers (text-fig. 6, A), and the rami become progressively weaker, the hamuli fewer in number. Thus the distal radius of the middle tail-feathers possesses but four feebly curved hamuli (text-fig. 7, E).
I have examined the tail of this species during the moult. On the 17th of August, 1906, I received several from Scotland, just at the beginning of the moult. The outer tail-feathers, I find, have lost much of their bleating power and the note produced is not so intense. On microscopical examination I find the cilia (text-fig. 7, C) have all been worn away. From this I infer that the cilia play a certain part in the production of the sound. From the 17th August to the 6th September I received many tails in which the new feathers were just growing, and I find that in every case the outer tail-feather (the sonorous instru- ment) is the last to be assumed. The newly assumed feather possesses fu]l bleating powers. I have also examined feathers from young birds of the year directly they have assumed their full plumage; these, I find, will bleat as well as those of a fully adult bird, and possess the normal structure and characteristic number of hamuli.
One variety of G. celestis still remains to be mentioned, i. e. Gallinago raddw (Buturlin), which is the eastern representative of our species and is much lighter in colour. With characteristic kindness, Mr. Buturlin has sent me skins of this and several other species from the Kolyma Delta in Siberia (69° 4’ 20” N. and 160° 55" E.), accompanied by most valuable notes, for which I am deeply indebted. The feathers of the tail, of which I have figured a specimen (text-fig. 4, 4), behave in the same way as those of our species.
Examination of the Tail of other Species of Gallinago.
Gallinago delicata, or Wilson’s Snipe, of N. America, differs in the eyes of some materially from G. c@lesiis in possessing
Sa) “BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 25
sixteen tail-feathers. Of these the outer two are specialised, but differ from those of G. celestis in that the mner web of these feathers instead of being broader is narrower than that of the other (text-fig. 6, B); they are, in fact, somewhat attenuated—a process which, as we shall see later, reaches its extreme in the Pin-tailed Snipe (G’. stenwra) of India. The shaft is strong, but not so strong as that of our species. The inner web is three times as broad as the outer. Both feathers will produce a bleat on experiment; the sound is of a far higher pitch than that of G. calestis, as might be inferred from the character of the feathers, and is what is aptly described by the Americans as “winnowing.” The rami are shorter in comparison with G. celestis, and make an acute angle with the shaft. The radii of the outer web are rudimentary, of the inner web the distal is but one-third longer than the proximal row; the hamult are five in number, but are not so well hooked as those of G. celestis. Of the two, the outer or eighth is more attenuated than the seventh pair.
Regarding the habits of this species I have the following references :—
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, ‘ Water-Birds of N. America, vol. i. p. 191 :—‘“‘ Capt. Blakiston noticed that this species per- formed the same evolutions as the European bird, this usually about sunset, but at times continuing 13 hours later. The noise made on these occasions he compares to rapidly repeated switches of a cane in the air, and this was repeated every half minute with cecasional longer intervals. The sound lasted about three seconds, and was made as the bird descended rapidly in a vertical direction, being caused apparently by the quill-feathers of the wings. This sometimes took place in the middle of the day, but only during the love season.”
Again :—
Audubon, ‘ Birds of America,’ p. 343 :—‘ These birds are often met with in meadows, or on low grounds, and by being on the spot before sunrise, you may see both mount high in the air in a spiral manner, now with continuous beats of the wings, now in short sailings, until more than a hundred yards high, when they whirl round each other with extreme velocity and dance as it were to their own music, for at this juncture, during the space of 5 or 6 minutes, you hear trolling notes mingling together, each more or less distinct, perhaps according to the state of the atmosphere. The sounds produced are extremely pleasing, though they fall faintly on the ear, but I am well assured that they are not produced simply by the beatings of the wings, as at this time the wings are not flapped, but are used in sailing swiftly in a circle not many feet in diameter. A person might cause a sound somewhat similar by blowing rapidly alternately from one end to another across a set of small pipes consisting of 2 or 3 ‘modulations.”
From this we gather that this species performs its evolutions at
26 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
a greater elevation than our species, also that Audubon noticed the fact that both cock and hen bleat.
Wilham Brewster, in Chapman’s ‘ Handbook of Birds of North America,’ writes, pp. 154-155 :—‘‘In the springtime, and occa- sionally in autumn also, Wilson’s Snipe mounts to a considerable height above his favourite meadows, and darts downward with great velocity, making at each descent a low yet penetrating tremulous sound, which suggests the winnowing of a domestic Pigeon’s wings, and if heard at a distance, the bleating of a goat, and which is thought to be produced by the rushing of the air through the wings of the Snipe. This performance may be sometimes witnessed in broad daylight, when the weather is stormy, but ordinarily it is reserved for the morning or evening twilight or for moonlight nights, when it is often kept up for hours In succession.”
Other American species deserve mention here :—
Gallinago nobilis (text-fig. 8, B) has 16 tail-feathers, of which the outer three are attenuated and the fourth partially so. It inhabits Ecuador and Colombia, and is allied to G. australis, which species I shall treat of later. I can find no reference to the breeding-habits of this species. On experiment the three outer feathers bleat well. As in G. delicata the rami of the outer web possess but rudimentary radii; those of the inner, however, possess a distal row which is one-third longer than the proximal, and the former is provided with five hamuli which are not well-hooked. The rami are thicker and stiffer than in the aforementioned species, and I suspect it is more by the vibration of the rami as a whole that the sound is produced, in contradistinction to the vibration of the inner web alone as in @. celestis and delicata. The inner web of the eighth pair is but little broader than the outer, but that of the seventh pair is nearly twice as broad, thus resembling the outer tail-feathers of G. delicata. The middle tail-feathers conform to the ordinary type. Thesound produced is hard to describe; it is flute-like, but possesses a definite bleating character.
Gallinago frenata.— Another South American species inhabiting Brazil, believed to be a Neotropical form of G. delicata. This species has 16 tail-feathers, of which the outer four are attenuated, the outermost being one-fifth inch in diameter, the inner being but slightly wider than the outer web. The inner web becomes progressively larger towards the centre of the tail. . This Species agrees with the foregoing in having the specialised feathers of a lighter colour: all four bleat; this is similar to that of G. nobilis, but shriller: microscopically they resemble the structure of G. delicata. The distal radii of the inner web are one- third longer than the proximal row and possess five well-curved hamuli. The rami of the outer web are stiff and structureless.
G. paraguay is a subspecies of G. frenata inhabiting Paraguay. It is much larger than the type, and the tail-feathers are
1907.] ‘‘BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 27.
consequently larger and the bleat deeper in tone ; otherwise they agree in number and structure. A description of the breeding-
Text-fig. 8.
A. Half of tail of @allinago major from without inwards left to right. B. Half of tail of G. nobilis from without inwards left to right.
C. Half of tail of G. stenwra.
habits of this species is to be found in a paper by Durnford in the ‘This, 1877, p. 198:—‘ During the spring they go through the
28 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE Jan. 15 ?
same aerial movements as the Common Snipe at home, rising to a great height by a circling motion, and ‘drumming’ whilst descending in a diagonal line. How is this curious habit to be accounted for in the South-American and European forms, except by the theory of inheritance from a common progenitor ?”
Gallinago australis —Latham’s Snipe has 18 tail-feathers, of which the outer three are attenuated, two being less than 3 of an inch in diameter; the outer six, however, are doubtlessly specialised, as they differ markedly from feathers from the centre of the tail both in structure and colour. The feathers bear a certain resem- blance to those of the South-American species. The shaft is thick and curved ; the rami of the inner web are long and thick, but more easily separated than in the latter species. The rami are peculiar, in that they are thicker and stiffer than in any other species. The distal rami of the inner web are longer than the proximal row and are provided with 5 hamuli. The rami of the outer web are stiffand structureless, thus resembling G. celestis, paraguaye, and frenata. The feathers produce aloud bleat, some- what similar to that of G. celestis.
I have received from Mr, Alan Owston, of Yokohama, a skin of this species, accompanied by some very valuable notes, which add materially to our knowledge of the habits of this species, for which Iam greatly indebted to that gentleman. He says: ‘“ They breed on the grassy moorland at the foot of Mt. Fugiyama, at an elevation of 2000-3000 ft. above the sea (Fugiyama is 12,500 ft. high). I have watched them on the 28th April, and on other dates during the breeding-season. When alarmed they fly round overhead, circling round generally against the sun, and every now and again they begin to cry ‘chip, chip, chip, sheep, cheo, che- cheo,’ and then rush downwards at the intruder, beating the air in the descent and making a terrific rushing noise.”
He also sends me an extract from Capt. T. W. Blakiston’s notes on the breeding-habits of this species published in the ‘Chrysanthemum’ for Nov. 1882, p. 524 et seg., referring to “Birds observed on the 8.E. coast of Yezo in May” :—“ The Australian species act very like the Snipe of North America, by flymg round pretty high and making sudden rapid descents almost to the ground, which latter movement is accompanied by a whisping noise. At evening and during the day in dull weather, these evolutions are commonly performed; and in dirty rainy weather the noise is heard even in the middle of the night.”
Gallinago aucklandica.—Resembles G. australis in having 18 tail-feathers, the outer three of which are attenuated; they are, however, much softer in structure than in that species. The rami of the inner web are easily separated, and possess 4 hamuli; those of the outer are provided with rudimentary rows of radii, thus approximating to certain Asiatic members of the genus. I have received a specimen of this rare species from the Christchurch Museum, N.Z. No mention of any bleating-habits is made in
1907.] ‘“‘BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 29
the literature. Contrary to what one would expect from its peculiar Rail-like appearance, the tail-feathers produce a very distinct and pleasing sound of a high-pitched character, some- what resembling that of certain Asiatic species.
Gallinago equatorialis (nigripennis) is an inhabitant of Central Africa, south and east of the great desert. It possesses 14 tail- feathers, of which the outer four are attenuated, and are less than 1 inch in diameter ; they are pure white. This form is nearly allied to the Common Snipe. I have been quite unable to procure either any feathers or a skin of this species.
Its habits are described in Reichenow’s ‘ Végel Afrikas,’ Band i. p- 236 :—“ This bird is called Spook Vogel by the Boers, on account of its drumming cry, which the bird makes in the morning and evening during its flight.”
Gallinago gallinula.—The Jack Snipe has 12 tail-feathers, of which the outer three are markedly shorter than the three central ones (text-fig. 6, C).
Their texture is soft and the rami are easily separated, in contradistinction to those of the species we have already con- sidered. On experiment these feathers produced no sound at all.
The structure of the outer web of the outer feathers more nearly approaches that of the inner—a marked difference to that found in the other feathers we have been considering ; that is, the rami of the outer web are provided with distal and proximal rows of radii and thus adhere together. The distal radii are provided with 4 hamuli both in the outer and inner webs.
The breeding-habits of this species were described originally by Wolley in Hewitson’s ‘Eggs of British Birds,’ vol. ii. p. 356 :— “Tt was on the 17th June, 1853, in the great marsh of Muonio- niska (Finland), that I first heard the Jack Snipe, though at that time I could not guess what it was—an extraordinary sound, unlike anything I had heard before ; I could not tell from which direction it came, and it filled me with a curious surprise. My Finnish interpreter thought it was a Capercally, and at that time I could not contradict him. I know not better to describe the noise than by likening it to the cantering of a horse in the distance, over a hard hollow road, it came in fours with a cadence, a clear yet hollow sound : it was not long afterwards that I ascertained the remarkable hammering noise in the air was made by the Jack Snipe.”
Mr. 8. A. Buturlin, in sending me a specimen of this species, with characteristic kindness writes the following notes of its habits as observed on the Kolyma Delta :—“ Its drumming is exceedingly like the noise of a cantering horse on a hard road, as so well described by one of the best field-observers—the late John Wolley. I heard it every day in the summer of 1905, when on the Kolyma. The bird usually flies so high, that even with the aid of the midnight sun and good Zeiss binoculars it is often quite
30 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
invisible; nevertheless the sound ‘ top-toppy-top-toppy * is quite clearly heard.”
I might also mention here that the remarkable sound produced by the W ood-Sandpiper (7'otanws glareola) was found by Mr. Buturlin to be vocal. He shot a score of them ‘“ drumming ” while sitting on a branch of Ulmus incana, or some local Salix, on the Kolyma, and has observed them for a long time at the distance of a few yards. The male flies about in wide circles, beating his wings, now floating on outstretched wings uttering as loud but not such hollow notes as the Jack Snipe.
I can only say at present that, in view of the failure to produce the drumming of the Jack Snipe artificially, I suspect there must be some other mechanism by which the sound is produced.
Gallinago major: “'The Great Snipe” (text-fig. 8, A).—This species has 16 tail-feathers, of which the outer four are white. They are somewhat shorter than the feathers from the centre of the tail, which are similar in all species of Gallinago. The feathers produce no sound on experiment. The rami are soft, like those of G. gal- linula, and can easily be separated. The outer web is composed of rami provided, as in the case of G@. gallinula, with rows of distal and proximal radii, of which many are well developed. In the inner web the distal row is one-third longer than the proximal, and is provided with 4 feeble hamuli. The rami are inserted into the shaft at an obtuse angle.
Its breeding-habits have been described by Prof. Collett, of Christiania, in Dresser’s ‘Birds of Europe,’ vol. vil. p. 635 :— “The Double Snipe is chiefly a nocturnal bird. Not only does it migrate at night, but it is in motion almost solely after twilight, when its peculiar ‘spil* or drumming takes place; and it also searches after food chiefly during this time of the evening. ... Tt has a so-called ‘ Leg’ or ‘ Spil,’ like some of the Grouse tribe, a sort of meeting-place, where they collect to ‘drum’ and often to engage in combat for the possession of the females. . . . It does not indulge in aerial evolutions, but remains on the ground. ... The male bird utters a soft, almost warbling note, which is accompanied by a peculiar snapping sound caused by striking the mandibles together several times in quick succession. If a person approaches one of these drumming-places he can hear at some distance the low note: ‘bip bip, bipbip, bipbiperere, biperere’; and when within 100 paces, if the night is still, he begins to hear other peculiar sounds. ... Whilst producing these notes the bird is in ecstasy and raises and spreads its tail like a fan, the outer tail- feathers showing in the halt-darkness like two white patches.”
_ Here, again, having no experience of the aforementioned habits myself, I can only conjecture that the sound is vocal.
Now we come toa group of Asiatic species, which bear much resemblance to each other in the structure of their tail-feathers :—
Gallinago solitaria (text-fig. 9, «).—According to the formula for this species given in Seebohm’s ‘ Geographical Distribution of
1907. | ‘““BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 31
the Charadriide,’ this species ought to have 18 tail-feathers ; but a specimen sent me by Mr. Buturlin from the Western Tian Shan Mountains has 20 tail-feathers. The outer six are attenuated,
a. Tail of Gallinago solitaria. | b. Tail of G. megala.
the first five markedly so. In this case both the outer and inner webs are very much narrower. Unlike any of the preceding species, the rami of the outer web are provided with fully developed
32 MR. P. H. BAHR ON THE [Jan. 15,
vows of distal and proximal radii, the former being provided with 4 hamuli in the same manner as the inner web. Herein this group differs notably from any of the preceding; the rami are short and stout, proximal and distal rows of radii the same size.
The bleat produced by these feathers is very loud, and consists of a number of notes of different pitch intermingled, caused apparently by the difference in breadth of the different musical feathers in the tail.
T venture to think that in this group the bleat is produced by the vibration of the feather as a whole, not by the inner web alone as in G. calestis.
An account of its breeding-habits is to be found in Hume and Marshall's ‘Game Birds of India’ :—‘“ They are to be heard and seen in the higher portion of the hills, soaring to a considerable height, repeatedly uttering a loud sharp, jerky call, and then descending rapidly with quivering wings and outspread tail, pro- ducing a hard buzzing sound, something like, but shriller and louder than, that produced by G. celestis, though they do not descend as rapidly as the latter.”
Gallinago megala.—This species inhabits 8.E. Siberia from Lake Baikal to the North Island of Japan. It possesses 20 tail- feathers, of which the outermost are 3 inch in diameter. The attenuated feathers are shorter than those from the middle of the tail (text-fig. 9, ). Microscopically they resemble those of G. solitaria in every way. The bleat they produce also resembles that of the foregoing species, but is far higher in tone. An account of its breeding-habits is to be found in Taczanowski’s ‘Fauna ornithologique de la Sibérie orientale,’ p. 958, a refer- ence kindly given me by Prof. Newton. I have translated the passage from the French: quoting from Prjevalski he says :— ‘That it retires to breed in the deepest marshes, covered with black scrub, and performs aerial evolutions as follows. The male soars up in the same way as our Snipe does, and after having described large circles in its flight above the place in which the female is nesting, it darts downwards in an oblique direction, making (probably with the rectrices, as does our Snipe) a loud sound, like the noise produced by a racquet when the handle has been broken. ‘This noise gains more and more in intensity as it approaches the ground, and ceases about 100 paces from it, and then the bird continues its flight, repeating a note, which one can express by tic-tic-tic.”
T have received a tail of this species from Central Siberia from Mr. Buturlin, who sends me this account from his first part of the ‘ Limicole of Russia’ (1902, pp. 77-78), an account contributed by the late M. Schwedow :—‘ After 6 o’clock p.m. (in May, near Irkutsk) one can see in the woods or on forest-swamps the ‘forest Snipes’ wheeling round and round in the air, and nearly always repeating in rapid succession notes like ‘chwi, ehwi, chwi,’ or ‘ zswee, zwee, zwee.’ From time to time one or other of the birds stops beating its wings, somewhat partially closes them, and swoops obliquely down, while vibrating notes are heard in the
1907. | ‘“‘BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. 33
air, somewhat like water pouring in the distance, gradually becoming higher and higher, and more sharply falling on the ear. The bird falls like an arrow, but when some fathoms from the tops of the trees it suddenly stops in the air and at the same moment uttering ‘chic-ka-chee,’ flies on again. After making some rounds in the air the bird silently or with the same sound ‘zswi, zwsi, goes higher and higher in the air and recommences the same performance.”
Gallinago stenura (text-fig. 8, C).—The Pin-tailed Snipe of Tndia breeds in Hast Siberia, and possesses the greatest number of tail-feathers of the genus—26-28, of which the outer eight or nine are attenuated. The outer ones are so much attenuated that they actually do resemble pins. The outer feather measures 545 inch in diameter, the eighth ;, inch.
The outer web resembles that in G. megala in possessing fully developed radii; the number of the hamuli in the first pair is 5, in the eighth pair 4. The ramiare short and thick. These feathers produce no sound on experiment. The passage from Swinhoe on Formosan Ornithology, ‘ Ibis, 1863, p. 415, is the quotation from Taczanowski which I have just given and refers to the preceding species.
Mr. Buturlin writes of this species on the Kolyma :—‘ It was only one day, 25th June, 1905, that I could observe its breeding habits.... I watched it during two or three hours with strong binoculars at a distance sometimes of not more than 200 yards.... It flew about uttering a high, loud, somewhat harsh note, not clear enough to be styled a whistle, like ‘ psait, psait, psait,’ and seemingly produced not by some mechanical means, but by its voice. From time to time (but not so often as our Common Snipe) the bird makes head foremost a dive in the air, just as our Common Snipe, but the descent is in time and distance quite twice as long as in the common species. When falling through the air the bird repeats its note more and more swiftly. ... At the lowest point of its descent, the bird holds the wings high over its back, just like a swiftly descending pigeon or duck, and then ascends several feet without evident motion of its wings. I could not see any opening or spreading out of its tail, when swooping downwards.”
John Hancock, writing in his ‘ Birds of Northumberland and Durham,’ found great difficulty in accepting the tail theory, because of the diversity in structure of the tail-feathers to be met with in this genus, especially the feathers of G. stenwra, which, he says, are considered to be musical instruments. Thus he raises a very reasonable objection, which I shall here quote :—‘ Other species have the same almost webless feathers at the sides of the tail, varying only in number. Here then we see a species in which the so-called sonorous or ‘ musical’ feathers do not possess the structure, firmness of web, and length of rays, which appear to be mainly relied on as the sound-producers; though the rigidity and form of the shaft are in some way or other apparently
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1907, No. III. 3
34 ON THE ‘‘ BLEATING” OF THE SNIPE. [Jan. 15,
thought to have some influence in the production of the sound, independently of the rays or web. Were these feathers sonorous instruments, we should expect to find a greater uniformity in their structure. But, in fact, the tail-feathers of the true Snipes are remarkable for their diversity, so much so that the birds have been divided into four groups, and this mainly on account of a difference in the number and form of these feathers.”
T have tried to show that the mechanism differs considerably in different species, just as the sound varies.
For reasons stated before, I believe that the bleat of G. ccelestis is produced by: the vibration of the inner web as a whole; in the case of G. frenata, nobilis, and australis by vibrations of the individual rami; while G. megala and solitaria produce sounds of an entirely different character by vibration of the feather as a whole.
Finally, I will but briefly mention two species belonging to closely allied genera :-—
Scolopax rusticola.—The Wopdcock is known to perform certain evolutions during the breeding-season, producing at the same time a curious sound, which is acknowledged to be vocal. Certainly there is no evidence from examining the twelve feathers of the tail that any of them are specialised structures. The outer ones do not differ materially either in size or structure from any of the others. Microscopically the outer web is composed of plain rami provided with but rudimentary radii. The hamuli are four in number and their terminal portion is badly hooked.
Philohela minor (Gmel.)—The American Woodcock has 14 tail-feathers, of which the outer ones are decidedly shorter than the others; they produce no sound in experiment and are in macroscopical and microscopical structure similar to the last-named species. A good account of the habits of this bird in the breeding- season is to be found ih Chapman’s ‘ Birds of Eastern North America, p. 153 :—-“‘ He begins on the ground with a formal, periodic, peent peent, an incongruous preparation for the wild rush that follows. It is repeated several times before he springs from the ground, and on whistling wings sweeps out the first loop of a spiral, which may take him 300 feet from the ground. Faster and faster he goes, louder and shriller sounds his wing song; then, after a moment’s pause, with darting headlong flight, he pitches in zigzags to the earth, uttering as he falls a clear, twittering whistle. He generally returns to near the place from which he arose, and the peent is at once resumed as a preliminary to another round in the sky.”
Certain of the primaries of the wing of this species are characteristically attenuated, for what purpose I am unable to discover, as they certainly do not produce any sound by any means I have employed.
T do trust that in the enquiries I have made I may be followed by
1907.] ON THE ANATOMY OF CERTAIN SPECIES Of SQUAMATA. 35
others. I cannot attempt to explain many of the facts I have set forth in this memoir; and yet an explanation ought to be forth- coming, and particularly in reference to the microscopical part of the subject on which I have mainly been able to dwell. The exact relations of the number and size of the barbules and hamuli to the sounds they produce is worth investigating, and still more is the cause of the breaks in the continuity of the sounds which you have heard—or, rather, not heard. This last would need the application of one who is intimately acquainted with the science of acoustics, which I make no pretence to be, and therefore I cannot offer any suggestion which will account for the non- continuity of the “ bleating” or ‘ humming”—its sudden stops and its sudden recurrence. There is much more to be learnt in this matter, and I would pray those who may be unconvinced by my experiments, at least to try to account for those marvellous sounds in some manner more satisfactory, and I assure them that there is no one who would be better pleased than myself to find that they can be so accounted for.
In conclusion, I should lke to tender my sincere thanks to Prof. Newton, of Cambridge, without whose assistance the above facts would never have been recorded.
Since reading this paper I have received a skin of a female specimen of G. equatorialis. The sound produced is disappoint- ing in volume; in tone it bears a resemblance to that of the bleat
of G. calestis.
3. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Systematic Arrangement and Anatomy of certain Genera and Species of Squamata. By Frank HE. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.
[Received December 7, 1906. | (Text-figures 10-19.)
; CoNnTENTS. (1) On some Specific Characters of Chameleons shown in the Internal Organs,
p. 3d.
(2) Some Notes upon Chameleolis, p. 45.
(3) The Position of the Umbilicus in certain Vipers, p. 50.
(4) Some Notes upon the Anatomy of Zonwrus, with Special Reference to the Hyoid, p. 52.
(5) Some new Facts bearing upon the Affinities of Gerrhonotus, p. 56.
(6) On a Point of Structural Resemblance between Heloderma and Varanus, and on some Specific Characters of Varanus, p. 59.
(1) On some Specific Characters of Chameleons shown in the Internal Organs.
The external differences among Chameleons are plainly set
forth in vol. iii. of Boulenger’s ‘Catalogue of Lizards in the a 34
36 MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
British Museum.’ The differences between the viscera of different species are by no means so well known. Indeed the only recent memoir known to me dealing with the visceral anatomy of Chameleons, which also refers to specific differences within the genus, is that by Dr. Wiedersheim*, chiefly dealing with the respirator y system in Oh. vulgaris and Ch. monachus. 1 have dissected, with reference to more than one point in the visceral anatomy, the following species, viz.:—Ch. vulgaris, Ch. calcarifer, Ch. dilepis, Ch. pumilus, Ch. parvilobus, Ch. teniobronchus, Ch. basiliscus, and Ch. verrucosus. Iam in consequence able to offer some additional anatomical facts concerning the genus, which are also of classificatory importance.
T may first of all call attention to an external character of the little-known Chameleon calcarifer. One of the external characters which distinguishes Ch. calearifer from Ch. vulgaris is the presence in the former of a more distinct ventral crest composed of a line of conical and, at times, overlapping “enlarged granules.” This line is traceable, but is by no means so well marked, in Ch. vulgaris. The division of these ventral scutes which marks the position of the umbilicus in the foetus is therefore exceedingly obvious in Ch. calcarifer and less easily to be mapped out in Ch. vulgaris. It lies behind the middle line of the body. It is represented by a long space contained in the middle of the ventral crest, which bifurcates to embrace it, and in this region therefore 1s double. The number of scales on the two sides is uneven ; T counted 13 on the left and 11 on the right side. The size of the region of the integument which appears to mark the umbilicus was rather greater in “Ch. vulgaris, but, as already said, the indistinct- ness of the ventral crest renders ‘it difficult to be accurate. In Oh. dilepis this area was quite as distinct as in Ch. calcarifer and occupied the same position; there were, however, only 10 pairs of scales, closely apposed.
The lungs show some variation in structure from species to species. That there is some variation in these organs has already been pointed out by Wiedersheim, who figures those of Ch. vulgaris and of Ch. monachus. The differences seem mainly to affect the number and form of the tags which are appended to the lungs, those very characteristic anangious outgrowths of the lung. Wiedersheim distinguishes between the more or less cylindrical outgrowths and the branches of the lung itself which bear them. The outgrowths, which exist more anteriorly and always on the ventral side of the lung, are simply the tubular ceca. Towards the end of the lung the lung itself is divided into several processes. In a young example the author quoted found that the ceca were solid. There is therefore reason for distinguishing the pulmonary ceca from the lungs, and a careful examination of both shows a ceasing of the reticular bands which cover even the anangious part of the lungs. As the number of outgrowths not
* Ber. naturf. Ges. Freiburg-i.-Br., Bd. i. 1886, Heft 3.
1907.] OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 37
only varies in individuals, but also on the two sides of the body of the same specimen, their mere number and arrangement can hardly be utilised as distinctive of species without examining a large series. Yet I am disposed to think, for reasons that will be discussed later, that Ch. monachus does differ from Ch. vulgaris. |
In Chameleon calcarifer the langs show the same general structure as do those of Ch. vulgaris. That is to say, the lung itself is frayed out into processes posteriorly. These again muy or may not give rise to the tubular cecal outgrowths. The latter show no network upon their surface, but the direction of the fibres of which they are partly composed is rather circular. On the ventral side also, some way in front of the end of the lung, the lung itself is prolonged into processes. I counted altogether in one lung examined fifteen tubular cecal outgrowths. But as the numbers have been stated by Wiedersheim to vary in Ch. vulgaris, the exact number is probably not a matter of importance. They were, however, certainly more numerous than in an example of Oh. vulgaris which I have myself studied. What appears to be of importance is to note that the lung itself is divided and that the tubular outgrowths do not arise from a ling with an entire margin. The subdivisions of the cavity of the lung seem to be exactly as Wiedersheim has described for Ch. vulgaris. In Ch. verrucosus the tubular cecal outgrowths are very numerous. T counted twenty-five or more of them. All the cecal outgrowths were borne in four tufts, of which that furthest from the bronchus was the largest, and consisted also of an outgrowth of the lung itself. The individual tubular ceca were frequently to be seen arising by the division of a common stem (text-fig. 10, p. 38). The disposition of the ceca im this species is very different from that which I have observed in others.
The lungs of Chameleon dilepis appear to differ in certain respects from those of the species that have been hitherto described. The obvious difference is the tubular character of the cecal outgrowths, which have hardly any dilated termination, shown so plainly in Ch. parvilobus, for example (text-fig. 12, p. 39). In the second place, the tubular ceeca are thick-walled and not at all transparent except in parts, and then not so transparent as in other species. Furthermore, these processes are distinctly shorter in Ch. dilepis than they are in Ch. parvilobus, as 1s indicated in the annexed figure (text-fig. 11, p. 39). The differences above set forth can hardly be due merely to a different state of contraction, since both specimens came out of the same bottle of aleohol in which they had been preserved some time since ; and very well preserved, for there was no trace of softening or disintegration of the viscera. The ceca of Oh. dilepis are certainly to some extent contracted, as they can be pulled out without using undue force. There remains, however, a condition which differs from the attenuated and thin ceca of
Ch. parvilobus and Ch. verrucosus on the one hand, and from the prolongation of lung-substance with shorter ceca in Ch. calearifer, ‘on the other. The marked distinctness of the czeca from the lung
38 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
is, in fact, a feature of this species as contrasted with those that have been mentioned. It will be observed in the figure (text-fig. 11) that the lung terminates in a cecum which continues in the same straight line. This seems to be the case also with other species. It suggests, of course, the distal terminal air-sac (abdominal air-sac)
Text-fig. 10.
Lung of Chameleon verrucosus, entire.
of the bird’s lung. The arrangement of the other ceca is shown in the figure referred to. They are developed along a considerable region of the ventral margin of the lung. The larger number of the ceca are, however, massed at one spot, which is not at the end of the lung as in Oh. parvilobus, but at about its middle. Another
1907, ] OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 39)
noteworthy difference about these ceca as compared with those of other species which I have examined, is that there is an anasto- mosis between the roots emerging separately from the lung. Finally, the small number of czeca as compared, for example, with Ch. calearifer is a fact worthy of attention, since it is the beginning of the immense reduction seen in Ch. basiliseus, which culminates in the total absence of these ceca in Ch. pumilus.
Text-fig. 11. Text-fig. 12.
Text-fig. 11.—Lung of Chameleon dilepis, entire. Text-fig. 12.—Lung of Chameleon parvilobus, opened longitudinally.
The above description also applies in generalities to the right lung of the same individual. That is to say, with regard to the shortness, tubular character, and fewness of the cecal outgrowths.
40 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
A specimen which I had the opportunity of examining fresh showed how the lungs may vary in individuals, as was pointed out by Wieder sheim, This variation consists principally in the Jarger number of ceca. I should mention, however, first of all that there is just a shadow of a doubt as to the identity of the species. In the second smaller specimen the occipital lobes characteristic of the species were disproportionately smaller than in the larger individual, whose lungs I have already described. In the second .place, the larger individual had no trace whatever of the ‘‘ Hohlenvenenfortsatz” of the right lobe of the liver accompanying the postcaval vein. In the smaller individual there was a considerable process of hepatic tissue accompanying the postcaval vein for some distance.
In the case of both right and left lung, the lung ended, in the same way as in the example already described, in one bifid caecum, bifid from the very first. In one lung I counted 14 other cecal outgrowths, of which five were particularly short. In the other lung I'found as many as 16 outgrowths, of which only three or four were short. Two, or even three, sometimes borne upon the same stem. The ceca are of considerable diameter and clubbed in form ; they contrast markedly with those of Ch. verrucosus.
I have also selected for figuring the lung of Ch. parvilobus (text- fig. 12), which is at the very opposite extr emity from the other species figured in the present communication, viz. Ch. dilepis. The ceca are numerous and extremely slender and in some cases of great length. Thus the longest measures 33 mm. as against 32 mm. of the length of the lung itself, and there are several other czca nearly or quite as long. The longest of the diverticula are at the posterior end of the lung. The whole ventral border is also beset with diverticula, but these are invariably short; all show a marked dilatation at the free extremity. In contrasting these slender ex-. tended diverticula with the short thick diverticula of the two species Ch. dilepis and Ch. basiliscus, to be described immediately, one is disposed to believe that greater contractility in the case of the two latter may account for the great difference which they show from the species here under consideration ; especially since Milani’s figure * of the lung of Ch. basiliscus indicates long slender diverti- cula with slightly pronounced dilatations at their extremities.
Chameleon basiliscus has lungs which have been described by Milani? and which agree most nearly perhaps with those of Ch. dilepis. The lung “itself is extensive and reaches back nearly to the kidney. The specimen which I had the opportunity of examining had been preserved for some time in alcohol. In neither lung could I find any ceca depending from the ventral margin of the organ, and in the left lung I did not find more than a single cecum at the posterior end of the lung, but conspi- cuous enough when detected by its yellow colour as contrasted with the colourless and transparent wall of the lung itself. In the
* Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Anat.) vil. p. 577. + Loe. cit. p. 576.
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 4]
right lung, however, though there was a perfect agreement with the left lung i in the elhsemee of any ventral czecal outgrowths, such as occur in other Chameleons, there were three obvious ceca at posterior end. Milani figures five ceca. These were quite tubular and not swollen at the free extremity, as, for instance, in Ch. parvilobus. The walls are thick and they arise from a thick- walled portion of the lung. These ceca are, in fact, exactly like those of Ch. dilepis, from which the present species mainly differs in the extreme fewness of the ceca, as 1s apparent from Milani’s figure.
Chameleon pumilus has lungs which differ in several important points from those of the species that have been hitherto considered. In the first place, there are no signs whatever of any bronchi in the lungs. When the left lung is opened and the appearances presented compared with those to be seen in Ch. vulgaris, the following differences are recognisable. In both the aperture of communication between the two lungs, which represents, of course, the distal extremity of the bronchus, permits the interior of the right lung to be to some extent viewed. In the case of Ch. vul- garis the cartilaginous rings of the bronchus have to be cut up in order to display fully the aperture into the right lung through which are seen the cartilaginous rings of the bronchus of the right lung. In Ch. pumitlus, when the lateral wall of the left lung is removed no trace whatever of any bronchus is seen; there is simply a large circular orifice putting the two lungs into com- munication, which shows no traces of any bronchial cartilages that can be detected by the unaided eye. It is not plain whether this condition is to be regarded as primitive or as evidence of degene- ration. The lung itself is considerably shorter, relatively as well as actually, than in the species which has been dealt with in the preceding lines. It is, furthermore, different from the lungs of these other species in that the typical lung-structure persists throughout the whole sac. The alveoli in the lungs of Chame- leons generally are smaller and deeper proximally and get larger and shallower posteriorly, ultimately becoming pr: actically invisible. The hinder region of the lung is anangious. In Chameleon pumilus the alveoli become rather less marked posteriorly, but they are much more conspicuously circumscribed up to the very end of the lung than is the case with any of the larger species which I have had’ the opportunity of examining. The lung, in fact, is less metamorphosed into a mere air-sac in the present species than in any other which I have examined, excepting only Ch. tenio- bronchus, to which species I shall have to refer again immediately. In this particular it is plain that the lung of Ch. pumilus is more typically Lacertilian than that of such a species as Ch. vulgaris or Ch. calcarifer.
A final peculiarity shown by the lung of this species is very remarkable. It has been stated in many general works that the Chameleons as a family are to be characterised by the cecal out- growths of the lungs, which have been considered in several
42 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [ Jan. 15,
species in the foregoing pages, and that is certainly the general impression among zoologists and anatomists. I was greatly sur- prised therefore to find that the lungs of Ch. pwmilus are quite unprovided with these otherwise characteristic outgrowths. The margin of the lungs is entire and slightly sinuous, the convexities occurring in the sinuous line being perhaps to be looked upon as rudiments or incipia of the cecal appendages. It will be observed that the absence of these ceca is associated with a more complete retention of the typical pulmonary structure of the lung, and therefore its greater efficiency as a breathing-organ. On the other hand, it is to be noted that where the cecal tubes exist the lung itself has lost considerably the alveolate structure and thus pre- sumably some of its efficiency as a breathing-organ. The Ophidia particularly show that the lung may be too large for its office as a respiratory organ, and they, like the Chameleons, are often lethargic in habit.
The above account of the lungs of Chameleon pumilus is, 1 so far as the absence of tags is concerned, in harmony with the description of both Meckel* and Cuvier tf. The latter observes : “ Le Caméléon nain n’a rien de pareil; ses poumons sont deux petits sacs simples, ovales, de grandeur égale, comme ceux de la plupart des Sauriens”; and on another page: “ Ils manquent appendices.” Milani, however, obviously doubts these state- ments in writing £ as he does: “‘ Ob bei Chameleon pumilus die Ziptel wirklich fehlen, oder ob diese Behauptung nicht vielleicht auf ein mangelhaftes Praparat zuriickzufiihren ist, wage ich hier nicht zu entscheiden.” It is because of the latter doubt cast upon the facts that I have entered into the matter at some length, and, as I hope, settled it.
I have finally to add to the description of the lungs in various Chameleons that Ch. teniobronchus agrees entirely with Ch. pumilus in the total absence of diverticula, an agreement which is very significant in view of other facts.
The pigmentation of the interior of the body varies among the species of this genus. In all that I have examined the intestinal tract is a deep black, and there are generally (but not in Ch. ver- rucosus) patches of pigment upon the stomach not distributed so universally. The mesenteron is largely pigmented anteriorly in Ch. verrucosus. There is no variation, however, in the pig- mentation of the gut. The parietal walls are not so generally pigmented. It is, indeed, only in Ch. pumilus and in Ch. tenio- brenchus, among the species which I have examined, that the whole of the lining peritoneum of the body is of a deep black, quite as deep as is the gut. This pigmentation also extends to the mesenteries. In all of the remaining species the pigmentation of the general body-cavity and the mesenteries is hardly to be seen and only exists in very slight degree, so as not to affect the
* “ Respirationsystem der Reptilien,’ Deutsch. Arch. f. d. Phys. 1818. + Lecons @ Anat. Comp. 2me éd. par Duvernoy, t. vil. (Paris, 1840). ft Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Anat.) vii. p. 573, footnote.
1907.] OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 43
general appearance. This peculiarity at once divides the two species mentioned from the rest, and other anatomical peculiarities described in the present communication tend to show the sepa- rateness of these two Chameleons from others.
It may be remarked that the table of external characters used by Boulenger in the discrimination of the species of the genus brings together Ch. pumilus and Ch. teniobronchus*.
Pancreas.—The shape of this organ shows differences in the species of Chameleon which I have examined. In all it lies partly between the stomach and the recurrent loop of the duo- denum, and partly dorsal of the stomach and to the posterior side of that organ. ‘That is to say, when the reptile is dissected and viewed in the ordinary position lying on the right side part of the pancreas, that lying between the stomach and the duodenum is visible and the rest is seen when the stomach is raised. The main differences in form are the relative thickness of the gland and the relations of the splenic lobe, which here, as in other Lizards, is to be distinguished at least to some extent from the rest of the gland. The distinction between the two lobes of the pancreas is most plainly to be observed in Ch. dilepis, where the splenic lobe is quite at right angles with the rest of the gland, and the duodenal part is continued on for a very short distance before it gives off the splenic lobe. In all the remaining species there is no such marked distinction, the two lobes forming one curved elongated mass. ‘This is particularly plain in Ch. teniobronchus, where the coils of the intestine lie entirely behind the pylorus, and the pancreas is therefore exposed for its whole length and not partially hidden by the stomach. I shall recur later to the coiling of the intestine in this and other species of Chameleon.
The bulk of the gland differs greatly in the several species. In some it is much thinner than in others, and therefore, as the length is not far from being the same, relatively as to the size of the species the actual bulk fluctuates. Two extremes are well seen in the two species Ch, dilepis and Ch. calearifer, which, on account of their practically identical size, show the facts very plainly. In Ch. dilepis the gland is very thick, quite as thick as the diameter of the adjacent pyloric region of the stomach; its greatest diameter is about 6 mm. On the other hand, in Ch. calcarifer the pancreas is comparatively quite excessively slender, and only measures 3 mm. or so in transverse diameter in the region which lies ventrally and in front of the stomach. There are similar differences between other species; but I do not give details, as the indi- vidual species vary so much in size that a comparison of the glands would involve rather complex measurements ; these would be of more value if the number of individuals examined were large. The prominent and easily recognisable differences between the two species selected will serve as an example of what also occurs elsewhere in the genus. There are, however, too great a series of
* Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus. vol. 11. 1887, p. 440.
A4. MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
gradations between the extremes to permit of the use in classi- fication of the dimensions of this gland.
Liver-lobes—The proportions of the two lobes of the liver * differ markedly in several species of the Chameleons reported upon in the present communication. Thus in Ch. pumilus the right and left lobes are so nearly equal that only one can be seen with just traces of the other when the viscera are viewed from the left side. The gall-bladder is partly covered by the extensive left lobe, which, moreover, comes into contact with the stomach.
The most extremely opposite conditions to these are shown (so far as the material in my hands enables me to say) in Oh. calearifer. In that Chameleon the left liver-lobe is very much shorter than the right. When the animal is viewed in the same posture as the last, the left lobe leaves exposed a section of the right lobe as long as itself, and does not even reach the gall-bladder, which lies on the right lobe not very far from its tip. There is, of course, no contact between the left lobe of the liver and the stomach, the ventrally flexed region of which lies considerably behind the end of even the right liver-lobe.
In Ch, basiliscus the viscera in question are arranged and have very much the same proportions as in Ch. calearifer. The same may also be said of the Common Chameleon (Ch. vulgaris) and of Ch. verrucosus*. In Ch. parvilobus the two lobes of the liver are approximately equal, and the left lobe completely conceals the gall-bladder when that viscus is viewed from the left side. On the other hand, it, the left lobe, does not come so near to the stomach as in Ch. pumilus. Very much the same description will serve for Ch. dilepis, save for the fact that in this Chameleon the gall-bladder is not so completely hidden by the left lobe as in Ch. parvilobus and Ch. pumilus. The characters of the liver, therefore, hardly allow of any grouping of the species; for there are gradations. The alimentary canal does, however, show certain differences which permit of a grouping such as has been already suggested.
In Ch. calcarifer and the other larger species the intestine is as well coiled as in other Lacertilia, and when the animal is opened from the side a good deal of the small intestine is seen to lie in a coil with secondary convolutions in front of, 7. e. headward of, the pyloric end of the stomach. The stomach, in fact, partly covers a section of the small intestine when the viscera are viewed from the left side. In Ch. pwmilus there is only one short bend of duodenum, which lies in front of the stomach. But the opposite extreme to Ch. calcarifer is to be seen in Ch. teniobronchus. In this small Chameleon the end of the stomach is not bent upon itself at all, but is continued back in a straight line to join the intestine, which is but little coiled upon itself. Moreover, the whole length of the intestine lies completely behind the stomach.
* The liver itself is very compact in these reptiles, unlobulated, and with very firm outlines. + I could see no gall-bladder in this species.
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA, 45
There is thus a simplification in the coiling of the gut in this very small species which is not so strongly marked in the rather larger but still small Ch. pumilus. It is not without interest to note this apparent relation between smallness of size and simplification of structure shown also in the lungs of these species, as has been already commented upon *.
(2) Some Notes upon Chameleolis.
This Lizard is placed among the Iguanide in spite of its super- ficial likeness to a Chameleon. Indeed this superficial likeness is not after all very striking, and depends mainly upon the fact that the head is prolonged behind and above into a parietal crest. Nevertheless it 1s of advantage to be able to record a few facts in the visceral anatomy which distinctly confirm the placing of this genus in the immediate neighbourhood of Jguana. It has, more- over, its own peculiarities as compared with that genus; and therefore as a contribution to the visceral anatomy of the Lacer- tilia I am laying before the Society such facts as I have gathered from a dissection of a female individual. The existing knowledge of the anatomy of the Lacertilia shows that there are four marked structural features in which all the Iguanide that have been examined agree with each other, and the combination of which allows them to be defined. I shall, therefore, first of all deal with these four points, which together prove that Chame- leolis has been rightly placed among those Lizards.
In the first place, the umbilical hgament which divides the two liver-lobes and is attached to the ventral median line of the body is a single ligament which runs continuously from end to end of the liver, without any trace of a posterior division upon the liver, as I have lately figured in Jguanat. The gall-bladder is left to the right of this hgament. In these particulars the umbilical ligament of Chameleolis is precisely like that of Jgwana, and there is no need to illustrate the relations of the ligament by a figure. I may mention that it is deeply pigmented.
A second feature, which, though a small character, appears to be a constant one, is the position of the intercostal arteries in relation to the vertebre. In Chameleolis, as in some other Iguanoids, these arteries plunge into the thickness of the dorsal parietes towards the posterior end of each vertebra; in some other Lizards they disappear from view at about the middle of each vertebra. Of course, Chamcleolis has the same regular arrangement of pairs of these arteries as in other Lizards, a feature, indeed, which seems to differentiate the Lacertilia from the Snakes, at least broadly considered.
Thirdly, Milani £, whose account of the Lacertilian lungs is the most recent and comprehensive known to me, has found that in the Iguanide the lung is totally divided into two chambers, of
* Supra, pp. 39 & 41.
+ P.Z.S. 1905, vol. i. p. 12, fig. 7. { Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Anat.) vii. p. 545.
46 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
which the more dorsal extends headwards of the orifice of the bronchus. This statement at any rate holds good for the majority of the Iguanide that have been examined. Chameleolis does not agree with these types, for the lung is not divided by an obliquely placed septum into two approximately parallel chambers. It is, nevertheless, not to be removed from the Iguanide on this account, since it appears to present points of likeness to the undoubtedly Squamoid Phrynosoma, and one point at least of resemblance to the Iguanoid genus Polychrus.
Text-fig. 13.
Lung of Chameleolis, opened longitudinally.
The bronchus enters for a short distance into the lung as a completely circular tube; there is no snake-like series of flattened semirings such as is to be found in Jguana*. The projecting bronchus is, as in Phrynosoma, moored to the walls of the lung by septa. The cavity of the lung, therefore, extends headwards of the opening of the bronchus and all round it. There is no septum in either lung which separates off the dorsally placed caecum of the lung as a distinct cavity from the rest of the cavity of the organ. In the left lung the structure happened to be more favourable for observation than the right lung, and I have accordingly had a drawing prepared (text-fig. 13) of the interior of this lung. It
* Milani, Joc. cit. pl. xxxi. fig. 13.
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 47
will be there seen that the strong septa which produce a pouching of the dorsal region of the lung in other Iguanids and Agamids are also to be seen in Chameleolis. Lobserved six of the chambers altogether, of which three would appear to belong to the anterior part of the lung, 7. e., that region which is in other Iguanids divided off by a septum from the posterior region, and three larger pouches belonging to the posterior region of the lung. Finally, the end of the lung abruptly narrows and forms a finger-shaped region with a but slightly marked network. It seems to me to be possible to compare this with the Chameleon-like outgrowths of the lung in Polychrus marmoratus *.
In the fourth place, the right extremity of the liver is attached by a fold of membrane which separates the lung from the post- hepatic region of the body-cavity and is continuous with the oviducal membrane.
Besides these points, which, together with various external and osteological characters used by others, fix the systematic position of Chameleolis, there are other features in its anatomy which I have ascertained and which are worth noting as a contribution to Lacertilian structure.
The pigmentation of the body-cavity is in some ways remark- able. The umbilical ligament, not only the region which is attached to the liver, but that which is attached to the stomach, is deep black, and in the latter region contrasts with the yellowish gut. The gut itself is, however, pigmented in the case of the large intestine. This pigmentation is limited to the dorsal side of the gut and involves the whole of the cecum, The appearance presented is, indeed, of two tubes closely applied, of which one is the small intestine and the other ends at the blind extremity of the cecum. _
As in many Lacertilia, the peritoneum generally is deeply pig- mented, and a distinction is to be drawn between the posterior pigmented region and the anterior region of the body-cavity, where its walls are not pigmented at all, so far as naked-eye appearances go.
While, however, in most Lacertilia this line of demarcation is quite oblique, bending ventrally in a continuous curve, it is in Chameleolis quite transverse (to the longitudinal axis of the body) in direction, but with a curved outline, now convex, now concave.
The existence of bundles of plein muscular fibres in the mes- enteries reaches a very great degree of development in many Lacertilia. In the Lizard which forms the subject of the present communication there was no development of such fibres that could be seen with the unaided eye. The ovaries contained no mature ova. There was a fully formed egg in each oviduct, with a dirty white shell of leathery consistency. There was no trace of an embryo in the egg.
The apex of the heart is fixed to the pericardium by a very
* Milani, loc. cit. pl. xxxi. fig. 15,
48 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
slender gubernaculum cordis, a structure which is rarely absent from the heart of the Lacertilia *.
The arterial system presents certain peculiarities as compared with that of other Lacertilia. The disposition of the intercostal
Text-fig. 14.
B ~~ -Coel.
A. Stomach and pancreas of Chameleolis. P. Pancreas; p.v. Portal vein; p.v.g. Gastric portals; Sp. Spleen. B. Dorsal aorta and branches of the same.
Cel. Coeliac artery ; i. Intestinal arteries; ws. @sophageal arteries ; Sp. Spleen.
arteries has alveady been mentioned as a point of affinity with the Iguanide. The visceral arteries (text-fig. 14) which supply the
* But is absent m Varanus occasionally (see Beddard, P. Z.S. 1906, vol. ii. p. 617 footnote) and Zonurus giganteus (infra, p. 55).
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA, 49
alimentary canal are collected into two groups, leaving a tract of considerable length from which no arteries to the gut arise. The anterior group is situated just behind the union of the two aortic arches, and consists of no less than seven small arteries supplying the cesophagus and stomach, ‘These arise from both sides of the aorta and are partly arranged in pairs; they run to both sides of the stomach, There is then a long gap until the origin of the intestinal arteries. The general ‘plan of these is like that in most Lacertilia ; but there are differences in detail from those of many genera, When the mesentery is turned over to the right the cecal arte xy which arises most anteriorly is seen to run over the following duodenal artery, but under the third artery, that which : supplies the spleen, &e,
With regard to the venous system, the only notes that I have made refer to the hepatic por tal system. The junction of the anterior abdominal and the main portal trunk is very near to the conjoint entrance of both into the liver—much nearer than is the case with many Lizards. In addition to this, the chief portal trunk, there are two vessels which pour blood direct from the stomach into the liver (text-fig. 14): one of these, the more posterior in position and the larger, is associated with the left lobe; the other, a slender twig, enters the liver to the right of the last described. The ventral parietal hepatics are also two, of which one is a little to the right of the other in its point of entrance to the liver. Both are rather far forward on the liver. There is but one dorsal parieto-hepatic. This, as is the case with other Lizards*, is associated with the “ Hohlvenenfortsatz” of the liver, and runs in the mesentery, binding that lobe of the liver to the right parietes. It runs a conside ‘able way forwards along the ver rtebral column before becoming lost in the thickness of the parietes.
The pancreas of Chameleolis (text-fig. 14) i is constructed upon the usual Lacertilian plan, but differs in various details from that of other Lizards. It isa Y-shapel gland and completely solid throughout. There are no thin diffuse branches spread through the mesentery such as are to be found in the case of the pancreas of Zonurus giganteust. One arm of the ¥ ends, after dilating slightly, in the concavity of the somewhat bean- shaped spleen ; the other forms a thick mass in contact with the commencement of the duodenum. The stem of the Y forms a thin rod of pancreatic tissue, which closely accompanies the portal vein and very nearly touches the liver. This region of the pancreas seems to me to be longer than in some other Lacertilia, though in most there is a process of the pancreas running in the same direction. The splenic lobe of the pancreas is not extraordinarily thin, as it is in Tiliqua scincoides ~, but of fairly robust diameter,
* The absence of this vessel is rare, but Hochstetter, whom I have been able to confirm, has asserted its absence in Chameleon vulgaris. I take this opportunity of stating that this vein is also absent 1 in Chameleon verrucosus.
+ Vide infra, p. 55. { See Beddard, P. Z. §. 1905, vol. ii. p. 262
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1907, No. IV. 4
50) MR. F, E, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY (Jam. 15,
(3) The Position of the Umbilicus in certain Vipers.
IT am not aware that the point of entrance of the umbilical sac into the body in Snakes has ever been made use of as a systematic character. I find, however, from a few observations that I have been able to make recently, that this anatomical relationship is apparently of systematic value. Since of one species, viz. Lachesis lanceolatus, selected for these observations, I have been able to examine a considerable number of individuals, the variation of the character from one individual to another became a matter of additional interest, especially in view of the fact that all the indi- viduals were of one brood. It appears that in Vipers, as compared at any rate with the Anaconda*, the umbilicus is much nearer tothe cloacal aperture. I have examined fourteen individuals of Lachesis lanceolatus of the same brood and of approximately the same size, though they died on different dates, from March the 9th to May. The length varied from 113 to 12 inches exclusive of the short tail. I do not give measurements in millimetres, since to use such gives an appearance of rigid accuracy not attainable in a dead snake capable of artificial extension and shortening. In nearly all of these fourteen individuals four scales occupied the umbilical region, each of them being bisected by a groove running longi- tudinally to the axis of the body. I found, in fact, that there were four scales thus modified in eleven individuals. In two of the remaining snakes there were five of these scales in which the two sides had not joined across the middle ventral line, and in the fourteenth individual only three scales and a portion of the fourth ; the number of scales intervening between the last of the ‘‘ umbilical” scales and the anal scale varied a good deal but within very narrow limits. The actual facts are these: in three speci- mens 17 scales intervened between the points mentioned ; in one specimen 18 scales; in five others 19 scales; in three 20 scales; in one 21 scales; and, finally, in one 22 scales. The average is thus arithmetically 19, and actually there were more specimens exhibiting the average than any other number. Having due regard to the narrow.range of the variation, it seems likely that the position of the umbilicus in this species of Viper can be regarded with safety as lying 19 scales in front of the anal scale. It is important to notice the length of time during which this feetal character is retained. The last specimens examined by myself died on May 15th of last year. These and the other individuals were acquired by the Society on Dec. 12th, 1905. The last specimens examined by me were therefore more than six months old. J have some confidence, therefore, in comparing Lachesis lanceolatus in respect of these characters with other Vipers of an obviously greater age. I may first of all, however, refer to newly-born Vipers which I have recently dealt with tf in
* See Beddard, P. Z.S. 1906, vol. i. p. 13. + P.Z.S. 1906, vol. i. p. 34.
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA, 51
a paper communicated to this Society. It is impossible to be certain of the exact position of the actual umbilicus in Lachesis lanceolatus for the purposes of comparison between these two types, 7. e., which of the four or five broken scales correspond to the two scales in Bitis nasicornis which are actually divided by the foetal blood-vessels. Assuming, however, that they are even the last two, there still remains a substantial difference in position between the umbilicus of the twospecies. For in Ditis nasicornis the actual numbers of scales intervening between the umbilicus and the anal scale are respectively in the five examples studied 9, 11, 11,12,14. There is thus exactly the same amount of variation as in Lachesis lanceolatus, but round a different mean.
The position of the umbilicus in Russell’s Viper (Vipera russellit) is again different and relatively more fixed than in either of the species hitherto considered. As in Sitis nasicornis, the actual umbilicus consists of two scales only, which do not meet ventrally, and between which the plug of tissue bearing the umbilical vein &e. passes into the interior of the body. The young Vipers in question were a very few days old, but all external traces of the yolk-sac had disappeared. In front of these two scales either two or three scales were divided by a suture in the middle ventral line, and posteriorly to the two ‘“ umbilical scales ” either one or two scales were similarly split by a ventral suture. Between the last of the two completely divided scales and the anal scale there intervene in the five examples examined respectively 16, 16, 16, 17, 17 scales. ‘The position of the umbi- licus is therefore different in this Viper, and its fluctuations of position are less than in the two species to which I have already called attention. It is perhaps permissible to call attention to the fact that Vipera and Lachesis agree with one another more nearly than either does with Sitis. This is, of course, not in accord with generally received views upon the classification of Vipers.
J have examined several Vipers of more mature age, and in two specimens, at any rate, I find what appear to be obvious traces of the umbilicus. In a not fully-grown example of itis arietans measuring 30 inches from the snout to the cloaca, four scales showed a line of division in the ventral median line. The second of these had the most strongly marked groove, and_ possibly therefore represents one of the two scales already described in the young as immediately surrounding the stalk of the yolk-sac. Between the last of the grooved scales and the anal scale 9 scales intervened. ‘The species evidently therefore comes nearest to the other species of Sitis which has been described above. Inasecond specimen measuring 32 inches there were 12 scales between the last of four grooved scales and the anal scale. I have also seen similar traces in a large adult example of Bitis gabonica. Here there were also four scales showing traces of the umbilicus; but instead of being grooved they were merely nicked posteriorly. Between the last of them and the anal scale 8 scales interyened
4?
52 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
Tt is not safe upon these two last-mentioned examples to attempt to draw any distinctions between the different species of Bitis. It seems, however, to be most probable that they do not differ widely from each other as regards the points under discussion, whether they will ultimately be found to differ specifically or not. It is, however, quite plain, in reviewing all the facts brought forward in the present communication, that the position of the umbilicus among Vipers is one that does at least characterise some forms which happen in the instances studied to be generi- cally separated.
(4) Some Notes upon the Anatomy of Zonurus, with Special Reference to the Hyoid.
The following notes refer to three specimens of Zonurus giganteus which I have had the opportunity of dissecting during the last year or two. The anatomy of this Lizard is already to some extent known through the work of previous observers. The lungs have been dealt with by Milani* in his general account of these organs among the Lacertilia, and the arteries of the gastric and intestinal regions are described and figured by Hoch- stetter +. There remain, however, a few points to which it is worth while calling attention as a further contribution to the natural history of this Lacertilian.
Of special importance—rather, however, from a general point of view than as a particular contribution to our knowledge of this Lizard—is the condition of the elements which together make up the hyoid complex of bones and cartilages in this Lacertilian. T am able to add to what I have to say concerning Zonurus a few notes upon other genera of Lacertilia which I have dissected for purposes of comparison. I commence with a brief résumé of some of the facts already known of this part of the skeleton.
The hyoid and branchial arches of Lacertilia have not, as it appears, been investigated in a very large number of genera. Several are figured in the volumet of Bronn’s ‘'Thierreich’ dealing with the Lacertilia, while other genera have been illustrated by subsequent writers §. Apart from differences in the form of the individual elements of the hyoid complex there is substantial agreement, according to these various writers. For contrary to what is to be found in the Chelonia—where the remains of the hyoid arch proper is followed by two branchial bars considerably developed—the Lacertilia are generally believed to be characterised by the preservation in the adult of only one visceral arch follow- ing the hyoid arch, which is stated to be the first branchial. This statement occurs at any rate in such authoritative textbooks
* Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. f. Anat.) vil. p. 545.
+ Morph. Jahrb. xxvi.
+ Reptilia, Bd. vi. Abth. iii. Taf. 72. figs. 2-8, & Taf. 107. figs. 24, 33.
§ E. g., Gecko mauritanicus, Gadow, Phil. Trans. 1888 B, pl. 72. fig. 10; Helo- derma suspectum, Shufeldt, P.Z.S. 1890, pl. xviii. fig. 6; Chlamydosaurus and Physignathus, Beddard, P. Z. 8. 1908, vol. 1. p. 20, text-fig. 9,and p. 21, text-fig. 10.
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 53
as those of Hatchett Jackson *, Gadow 7, and Sedgwick ¢, which may be regarded as expressing the current knowledge of the subject. Nevertheless, the late Prof. W. K. Parker$, in describing the adult skull of Lacerta agilis, wrote as follows :—‘‘ Another bar, half as long as the first, and unossified, lies behind the first branchial above; it is f-shaped, with the top hooked inwards, like the lower piece; this is the upper (0r.?), or ‘epibranchial’ part ; it has a small snag outside its middle. Besides this, there is, on each side, a slender, slightly outbent hypo-branchial (/.67r.); this belongs to the second branchial, and also from its length is evidently part of the third, neither of which chondrify, above, in the embryo.” In a footnote is added the remark that “this little highly-metamorphosed Lizard has scarcely thrown aside the skeleton of these organs of aquatic respiration.” It is obvious that Prof. Parker’s account is a little misleading, and this doubt- less accounts for the fact that the existence of remains of a second branchial arch in Lacerta has been largely ignored in zoological literature. What he speaks of as an “ epibranchial,” without determining to which arch it belongs, but letters “ br.*,” is clearly from its position a vestige of the second branchial arch, as is plainly recognised in Prof. T. J. Parker’s ‘Zootomy’ and in his ‘Textbook of Zoology,’ written in conjunction with Prof. Haswell|. The exceptional character of the hyoid complex of Lacerta in possess- ing “the epibranchial of the second branchial arch” is properly emphasised by Dr. Shufeldt {| in reviewing existing knowledge of the Lacertilian hyoid bones.
The third postmandibular arch is, however, by no means a peculiarity restricted to Laverta. It occurs in Zonurus in the form of a short and slender bar lying behind the well-developed first branchial bar **. This bar of cartilage does not extend down to the median copula, and indeed falls a considerable distance short of it. I have examined three other Lacertilians in which this same visceral arch is represented and one in which it is not to be found; but I have not at present attempted an exhaustive research into the facts of its absence or presence among the different families of Lacertilia. I could not detect the bar of cartilage in Chameleolis, whose anatomy has been described above. Tt is well developed in both 7iliqua and Trachydosaurus. Inthe former (text-fig. 15, p. 54) it is very conspicuous, and it is nota little surprising that it has been missed, unless I have unwittingly overlooked its description somewhere. But if this be the case it is clear that its existence has escaped the writers of many textbooks.
* Ond ed. of Rolleston’s ‘ Forms of Animal Life.’ + “ Amphibia and Reptilia,” in ‘Cambridge Natural History.’ t ‘Textbook of Zoology,’ vol. 1. § “Development of Skull in Lacertilia,’ Phil. Trans. 1879, p. 616. || ‘Textbook of Zoology,’ vol. 11. q P.Z.S. 1890, p. 225. *k There is no trace of this shown in a figure of the hyoid of Zonurus cordylus copied from Henle in Bronn’s ‘ Thierreich,’ Reptilien, vol. vi. Abth. 11. Taf. 107. fig. 33.
54 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY (Jan. 15,
In Tiliqua this second branchial arch is more extensive, as it appears, than in Zonurus, and lies obliquely across the first branchial arch, though beneath it. The latter arch ends in a curled piece of cartilage which is directed backwards and overlaps the third post-mandibular arch. But the position varies according to the degree of distortion of the muscles of the neck of the reptile.
Text-fig. 15.
H Br.
Tiliqua scincoides, head and neck. Dissected to show three postmandibular visceral arches in sitw. To the left the isolated extremities of the same arches in another individual.
Br.1. First branchial arch; Br.2. Second branchial arch ; H. Hyoid arch.
Towards the lower end of the bar is a triangular, projecting, “snag” (not visible in one of two examples dissected) like that which Prof. W. K. Parker has figured in Lacerta. To this projecting process is fixed a ligament which is inserted on the free dorsal end
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 59
of the hyoid arch. The ligament thus avoids the first branchial under which it lies. It is not surprising to find that 7rachydo- saurus, so closely allied to Z'iliqua, also possesses this second branchial arch. As in the genera mentioned, the arch is only represented by its upper part, the epibranchial, as Parker termed the equivalent cartilage in Lacerta. Finally, I have to record that the bar of cartilage is also found in Gerrhonotus, a genus of whose anatomy I offer some further notes below. In the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to state whether or not this occurrence does or does not bear wpon the affinities of Gerrhonotus. The cartilage was not so easy to find in this small Lizard, where it is siender and delicate, but can be detected by gently moving in various directions the muscles in its vicinity ; the stiff ends of the cartilage thus become apparent.
A second feature in the anatomy of Zonwrus to which I desire to draw attention is the total absence of the gubernaculum fixing the apex of the ventricle to the walls of the pericardium. This ligamentous band or thread (it varies in importance in different genera) is so usual among the Lacertilia as to be characteristic of that order of Reptiles, as it is, indeed, of others. I have already pointed out that the gubernaculum cordis is not to be found in the heart of Varanus niloticus and some other species*. It is interesting to notice that this absence of the gubernaculum which is universal in the higher Vertebrates (Aves and Mammalia), as well as generally in the Ophidia *, is sporadically developed among the Lacertilia. It should also be mentioned that this condition of the heart was found in two examples of Zonurus giganteus (the third was not examined ad hoc)t; it is therefore probably charac- teristic of the species if not of the genus.
The liver of this Lizard is unusual in its form. The right lobe
is prolonged in the usual way over the vena cava. But the left lobe, instead of being but slightly divided at the entry of the anterior abdominal vein, is deeply bifid thereat §. The whole organ is thus markedly trifid posteriorly and is not unsuggestive, in appearance, of the mammalian liver.
The pancreas displays one noteworthy character. Its general form is like that of the majority of Lacertilia. The organ embraces the stomach, being found on both sides of it; the splenic lobe is fairly stout and reaches the spleen, and there is a process of the gland extending towards the liver. The peculiarity of the pancreas of this Lizard is that diffuse thin ramifying tags of pancreatic tissue lie in the mesentery on either side of the splenic lobe of the gland with which they are connected. This tendency towards a diffuse irregularly shaped thin pancreas is obviously to be com-
pared with the conditions obtaining in the Chelonia. * P, Z.S. 1906, vol. ii. p. 617 footnote. + Perhaps universally also. In any case the occasional ligament tying the apex of the heart to the pericardium is rather different (see P. Z.S. 1904, vol. ii. p. 107). + I have since found the same absence of the ligament in another example.
§ I am not quite certain that it is not the right lobe which is thus bifid. It is a point difficult to settle.
56 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
(5) Some new Facts bearing upon the Affinities of Gerrhonotus.
This genus of Lacertilia is sometimes placed in a special family of Lacertilia, the Gerrhonotide. By others (¢. g., Boulenger *, Gadow *) it is relegated to the Anguide. The general aspect otf Gerrhonotus ceruleus is, on the other hand, by no means unlike that of the Scincide ; I am not aware that any notes have ever been published upon the visceral anatomy of this Lizard. I venture, therefore, to lay before the Society some notes which a recent dissection of more than one example of Gerrhonotus ceruleus enables me to offer as a contribution towards the determination of the systematic position of this genus or representative of a family.
T have by no means attempted an exhaustive survey of the anatomy of this Lizard. But J] am able to note down a few facts, all of which are of some interest from the point of view of a comparison with other Lacertilia. The structure of the guadrato- jugal ligament is one of the characters which I carefully examined in Gerrhonotus. I find that the arrangement and appearance of this ligament is precisely as it is in the genus Gerrhosaurus and in the Skink Humeces~. That is to say, the ligament of this genus is very distinctly marked off and of equal breadth through- out, nowhere vaguely shading off into surrounding tissues. Moreover, it is attached on the one hand, of course, to the quadrate bone and on the other to the bony scales which cover the face in this region. It is not inserted on to any bone of the skull. In the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to comment upon this likeness to Gerrhosaurus and Hwmeces as an argument in favour of the Skinkoid affinities of Gerrhonotus, though I have thought it worth while to record the fact for future comparison. The second feature in the structure to which I draw attention is the complete pigmentation of the interior of the body. There is here no paler area divided by the oviducal mesentery from a more darkly pigmented posterior portion.
As is now well known §, the umbilical hgament of the Skinks is frequently a double ligament attached to the ventral surface of the liver along two parallel lines which become confluent anteriorly. I observed nothing of the kind in Gerrhonotus, where the umbilical ligament is, as in most Lizards, a single mesentery. Tn this anatomical fact there is a likeness to Ophiosaurus as well as, of course, to Zgwanaand other Lizards. In any case the Lizard shows no affinities to the Scincide.
The pancreas and the spleen and their relationship to one another differ greatly among the Lacertilia, and more than one fact in the structure of the two glands is recorded in the present
* Catalogue of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. + “Reptilia,” in ‘Cambridge Natural History,’ p. 538.
t P. Z.S. 1905, vol. ii. p. 256.
§ Beddard, P. Z.S. 1888, p. 102.
1907, ] OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA, 57
communication *, In Gerrhonotus the splenic prolongation of the pancreas is present, but it does not reach the spleen at all, though extending a good way in the direction of that organ. Among the Skinks this pancreatic process towards the spleen is to be found, as I have already recorded‘, in the genus J%liqua, and can confirm in all details from a subsequently examined example of that genus.
There is, however, no particular likeness in the structure of the pancreas of Gerrhonotus to that of Ophisaurust. In the latter the pancreas consists only of two closely applied lobes which rest upon the ventral surface of the pylorus and small intestine, there is no vestige of a splenic lobe§. The spleen of Gerrhonotus is rather peculiar in position. Very generally among the Lacertilia this blood-gland is elongated and somewhat bean-shaped in out- line, and hes with its long axis parallel with the long axis of the stomach. In Gerrhonotus the shape is quite normal, but the long axis 18 perpendicular to the long axis of the stomach.
The hepatic portal system of veins of Gerrhonotus ceruleus varied but little in the two specimens dissected. The ventral parieto-hepatic veins running in the umbilical ligament were three in each Lizard. The first two crossed each in their course in one specimen, and perhaps in both, though I have no note as to this in the second example dissected. ‘The crossing is such that the anterior of the two vessels draws blood from a region of the ventral body behind that which is supplied by the posterior of the two veins.
The dorsal parieto-hepatics are either two or three and are otherwise quite normal in their position. The arrangement of the gastro-hepatic veins is interesting in relation to the question of the affinities of the genus Gerrhonotus. There are either four or five of these vessels of somewhat varying calibre arranged close together, and thus forming a ladder-like structure lying quite at the anterior end of the liver and running to this from the adjacent border of the stomach. There are no gastro-hepatic veins situated more posteriorly. The interest attaching to this arrangement of the vessels is that it is completely paralleled in Ophisawrus apus ||, making allowances for the greater elongation of the liver in the latter snake-like Lizard.
In Ophisaurus, in fact, there are six of these veins. Now, as a rule, the Lacertilia have not a great many separate gastro-hepatic vessels. J have myself examined several species embracing as many genera and find the following facts, some of which I have
* Cf. pp. 48 & 55. + P.Z.S. 1905, vol. ii. p. 262.
{ In contrast to this difference in form between the pancreas of genera which appear to be allied is the close resemblance in another case which I take this oppor- tunity of recording. In both Iguana tuberculata and Liolemus magellanicus (I owe the specimen to the kindness of my friend Capt. Richard Crawshay), which are both Iguanide, but not much alike superficially, the long splenic lobe of the pancreas just touches the posterior end of the spleen.
§ See P. Z.S. 1905, vol. ii. p. 4.75, text-fig. 64. Anguis also lacks the splenic
lobe. || See P. Z. S. 1905, vol. ii. p. 475, text-fig. 64.
58 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Jan. 15,
already made known in recent communications to the ponely upon the anatomy of these Reptiles. In Jgwana tuberculata I found in two examples two gastro-hepatic veins, and precisely the same arrangement characterised two examples of Amphibolurus barbatus. Uromastix acanthinurus showed, also in two examples, a single vein, which, however, was made up of three considerable affluents from the stomach ; these, it will be understood, entered the liver as a single vessel. In one of the specimens the third affluent only joined the common trunk formed by the other two just before their entrance into the liver. In Gerrhonotus, Tupi- nambis, Chameleon, Phelsuma, Tarentola, | have recorded, or am now able to record, the existence of only one gastro-hepatic vein, which however is, as a rule, made up of two affluents. The Scincide form an exception to the general arrangement of these vessels, and at first sight appear therefore to be near akin in this particular to Gerrhonotus.
Of Tiliqua scincoides | have dissected two examples for the purposes of the present investigation, and find in both of them the following arrangement of the gastro-hepatic veins. There are four of these, which appear at first sight to lie accurately side by side in the gastro-hepatic mesentery. A more careful exami- nation, however, shows that the stomach is bound to the liver by two mesenteries, one above the other, as seen when the animal is opened along the median ventral line and the viscera examined in an tndissmbed condition. The lower of these, i.e. that which lies above in the ordinary position adopted in dissection, is the gastro-hepatic mesentery found in all Lizards. When this is cut through a second mesentery comes into view, which is attached to the right side of the liver and to the more dorsal side of the stomach. This mesentery exists in other Saurians, but is inserted on to the mesogastrium and does not touch the stomach at all. Whether this arrangement of the right dorsal suspensory hgament of the liver has anything to do with the double umbilical hgament of the same family of Lizards is not certain; but it is found in most but not in all Skinks. I find it in the genus which we are now considering, in Seps (Chalcides), Scineus, Hwmeces, and Macro- scincus. It is not to be found in Trachydosaurus rugosus. To revert to the gastro-hepatic veims in Z'%liqua scincoides, the most posterior of the four veins runs along the right or lower (as seen on dissection) gastro-hepatic mesentery; in front of it are two of the veins which run in the upper or left gastro-hepatic mesen- tery (the mesentery present in all Lizards). Finally, there is a single vein which is inserted just at the junction anteriorly of the lines of attachment of the two mesenter ies, to the lower (dorsal) surface of the liver. In Trach ydasourus, which, although a member of the family Scincide, agrees with other Lizards in the presence of only one gastro-hepatic mesentery, I find in an example dissected only » one gastro-hepatic vein, which, as is so usual, is formed by two equally sized affluents, I have some notes, however, of an example, dissected a good many years ago,
e
1907. | OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SQUAMATA. 59
in which in addition to this there was another vein further forward at the junction of the two dorsal suspensory mesenteries of the liver. dMJacroscincus is normal—for a Skink—ain the presence of two gastro-hepatic mesenteries ; and yet it has only one gastro- hepatic vein. This is formed of two equisized affluents, and runs in the right-hand mesentery, the other being quite anangious.
Eumeces algeriensis shows the same double series of gastro- hepatic veins that are to be found in Z%liqua scincoides. ‘There is one vein only in each of the two gastro-hepatic hgaments and a third vein implanted at the junction of these anteriorly. As in Tiliqua, the medianly situate vein of the three belongs to the left-hand ligament. Of an example of Chalcides ocellatus, dissected by me a good many years ago, I have sketches ae descriptions showing that this species is more like Macroscincus* than Humeces or Piligua. For the gastro-hepatic veins are limited to the right- hand one of the two gastro-hepatic ligaments, with the usual